英語講義【93】不規則動詞的類別
在《混淆的動詞形態》一文里談到某些不規則動詞(irregular verbs)的混淆。每個學習英語的人都會在不同階段或多或少碰到不規則動詞所帶來的麻煩,特別是在形態拼寫方面。
不規則動詞里是不是雜亂無序的動詞呢?當然不是;實際上是亂中有序、有條不紊的。
首先,不規則動詞是針對規則動詞而言。
大家知道,規則動詞(regular verbs)的過去式(the past form)和過去分詞(the past participle)都一樣的要加上 -ed/-d,如:
①a. Jason worked until five oclock(過去式)
b. Have you worked late?(過去分詞)
②a. Xiao Lin decided to go abroad(過去式)
b. Has his wife decided to join him ?(過去分詞)
不規則動詞則不然;它們的過去式和過去分詞并不一致,學習時要集中精神,一一加以辨別,才可避免錯誤。
語法學家根據動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞三形式上的變化,把不規則動詞劃分為下列類別:
㈠三種形式都相同
第一類的包括下列這些常見動詞:
① cut-cut-cut ; ② hurt-hurt-hurt ; ③ put-put-put; ④ shut-shut-shut; ⑤ cost-cost-cost; ⑥burst-burst-burst; ⑦ hit-hit-hit; ⑧ cast-cast-cast; ⑨ set-set-set; ⑩ let-let-let.
例如:
⑴a. Dont go on blowing the balloon! It will burst.
b. One of his car tyres had a nail and it burst.
c. The dog has burst free and ran away.
㈡其中兩種形式相同
第二類可分為十一小類;下面是其中常見的四種:
① bind-bound-bound; find-found-found
② bring-brought-brought;
think-thought-thought
③ dig-dug-dug; strike-struck-struck
④ bend-bent-bent; build-built-built
例如:
⑵a. You have to bend your head when you bow.
b The mechanic bent the wire and broke it.
c. Here come the woman bent down with age.
㈢三種形式都不同
第三類可再分為八小類,如下:
① take-took-taken; shake-shook-shaken
② hide-hid-hidden; bite-bit-bitten
③ tear-tore-torn; bear-bore-born/ borne
④ choose-chose-chosen;
speak-spoke-spoken
⑤ know-knew-known; blow-blew-blown
⑥ write-wrote-written; drive-drove-driven
⑦ drink-drank-drunk; begin-began-begun
⑧ show-showed-showed/shown;
swell-swelled/swollen
例如:
⑶a. Can you write down your name?
b. I wrote it there, didnt I?
c. Have you written to John, who is now in New York?
上述例子證明不規則動詞的確比規則動詞麻煩得多。莫怪有人說,英語動詞是所有詞類中,最難應付的一種。這話很中肯,毫不夸張。幸好,不規則動詞也有跡可尋;就讓我們步步追蹤吧!
在《混淆的動詞形態》一文里談到某些不規則動詞(irregular verbs)的混淆。每個學習英語的人都會在不同階段或多或少碰到不規則動詞所帶來的麻煩,特別是在形態拼寫方面。
不規則動詞里是不是雜亂無序的動詞呢?當然不是;實際上是亂中有序、有條不紊的。
首先,不規則動詞是針對規則動詞而言。
大家知道,規則動詞(regular verbs)的過去式(the past form)和過去分詞(the past participle)都一樣的要加上 -ed/-d,如:
①a. Jason worked until five oclock(過去式)
b. Have you worked late?(過去分詞)
②a. Xiao Lin decided to go abroad(過去式)
b. Has his wife decided to join him ?(過去分詞)
不規則動詞則不然;它們的過去式和過去分詞并不一致,學習時要集中精神,一一加以辨別,才可避免錯誤。
語法學家根據動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞三形式上的變化,把不規則動詞劃分為下列類別:
㈠三種形式都相同
第一類的包括下列這些常見動詞:
① cut-cut-cut ; ② hurt-hurt-hurt ; ③ put-put-put; ④ shut-shut-shut; ⑤ cost-cost-cost; ⑥burst-burst-burst; ⑦ hit-hit-hit; ⑧ cast-cast-cast; ⑨ set-set-set; ⑩ let-let-let.
例如:
⑴a. Dont go on blowing the balloon! It will burst.
b. One of his car tyres had a nail and it burst.
c. The dog has burst free and ran away.
㈡其中兩種形式相同
第二類可分為十一小類;下面是其中常見的四種:
① bind-bound-bound; find-found-found
② bring-brought-brought;
think-thought-thought
③ dig-dug-dug; strike-struck-struck
④ bend-bent-bent; build-built-built
例如:
⑵a. You have to bend your head when you bow.
b The mechanic bent the wire and broke it.
c. Here come the woman bent down with age.
㈢三種形式都不同
第三類可再分為八小類,如下:
① take-took-taken; shake-shook-shaken
② hide-hid-hidden; bite-bit-bitten
③ tear-tore-torn; bear-bore-born/ borne
④ choose-chose-chosen;
speak-spoke-spoken
⑤ know-knew-known; blow-blew-blown
⑥ write-wrote-written; drive-drove-driven
⑦ drink-drank-drunk; begin-began-begun
⑧ show-showed-showed/shown;
swell-swelled/swollen
例如:
⑶a. Can you write down your name?
b. I wrote it there, didnt I?
c. Have you written to John, who is now in New York?
上述例子證明不規則動詞的確比規則動詞麻煩得多。莫怪有人說,英語動詞是所有詞類中,最難應付的一種。這話很中肯,毫不夸張。幸好,不規則動詞也有跡可尋;就讓我們步步追蹤吧!