寫作幾點招式
38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days. Children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick, they are often transferred to a hospital, where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit terminally ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, an experience very important to ones life.
人們過去生在家里,死在家里。過去,生與死作為生活一部分孩子們是經常看到的和聽到的。但現在情況大不相同了。
我們年輕人從來看不到嬰兒的降臨,也體驗不到一個家人的死去。當人患了重病,他們常被送往醫院,而孩子們通常在醫院是不受歡迎的,是不允許探視臨終的病人的。這就剝奪了孩子對死亡的體會,而這個體會對人生來說是十分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a greenhouse effect, and raising the worlds average temperature.
過去人們認為大氣污染只影響工廠密集、交通繁忙的大城市周圍地區。現在我們懂得雖然這些地區空氣污染最嚴重,但這一問題實際上卻是全球性的。燃燒煤和油使大氣里的二氧化碳成份增加,這就帶來了溫室效應,使世界平均氣溫上升。
39 Several years decades ago, people Now,
Today, Why do people ？
has such change taken place？
39.1 Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. Why？ Maybe he is short of money, they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job？
幾年前,人們聽到某某大學生在打工,常會覺得有點驚奇。他們想:怎么啦？他可能缺錢用吧？但如今大學生兼做家庭教師或推銷員、導游是常有的事了。許多學生在招貼欄或路燈桿上貼廣告,想尋找一份短工。為什么許多學生對課余打工或暑假打工這么感興趣呢？
39.2 Several decades ago, early childhood was spent playing games on the streets. To acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But now there is an increasing awareness of the importance of learning in the early years. Failure to teach children when they are young is seen as evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at increasingly earlier ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with formal instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school students. Why has such a big change taken place？
二三十年前,孩子們是在街上玩游戲度過童年的。人們并不鼓勵從小多學知識。但現在人們越來越認識到從小學習的重要性。如果不從小教孩子識字等,父母會被認為對孩子不負責。所以現在教育越來越早。無論在家里還是幼兒園,現在小孩子都接受正規的教育,如識字,算數,而這些以前要到小學才學。為什么會發生這么大變化呢？
39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a great change. Twenty or thirty years ago, very few people believed that the market-oriented economy could work in our society. Now, however, it is widely held that it is the only key to the development of our economy. It is in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is nearly unsophisticated as the first. Yesterdays skepticism was based on ignorance of the law of economic growth； todays assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of economy itself.
人們對市場經濟的態度經歷了很大的變化。二三十年前,很少有人認為市場經濟在我們國家行得通。而今天許多人則認為市場經濟是我們經濟發展的唯一手段。而我認為,第二種態度同第一種差不多簡單。昨天對市場經濟的懷疑態度是由于人們對經濟發展規律的一無所知；而今天的絕對肯定則反映了人們對經濟本質的誤解。
40 After a good many years of efforts to enthusiasm for , people begin to
40.1 After years of second-class status, smaller rewards, and lesser coverage by sports writers, women athletes are making great strides not just in gymnastics and swimming, but in weightlifting and football. Women can and do compete well in nearly every sport and draw as large crowds of plying customers as men.
多少年來女運動員地位低下,報酬低,體育記者對她們報道也少。
現在她們正在取得很大的進步,不僅在體操、游泳,而且在舉重和足球方面也取得了長足的進步。婦女在幾乎所有的體育項目上都能,而且也確實干得很好,她們和男運動員一樣能吸引許多觀眾。
40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing its appeal for many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number, newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have one at all. The latest reports show that in 1994 married couples with wives under 35 had less than one child on average, while with wives over 55 had more than three children.
經過多年的多生孩子熱后,大城市里的許多年輕夫婦對生孩子正逐漸失去興趣。越來越多的新婚夫婦推遲生育孩子或決定不要孩子。根據最新的報道,1994年35歲以下的已婚女性平均生育子女還不到一個,而55歲以上的婦女則超過3個。
40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action, I have firmly concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and men of average performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep human urges work together, I believe, to motivate all human discovery and achievement.
經過多年來對現實生活中的人性的觀察,我得出一個肯定結論:人能成為一個杰出之材還是一個平庸之輩取決于兩個特性:好奇和不滿足。我認為人性中的這兩個欲望,一起起作用驅使人去發現,去取得成就。
41 It is a traditional way custom practice to But now the pendulum has swung to another direction. in the opposite direction. the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children？
中國的老人和他們的子女和子孫住在一起是一個傳統的習慣。年輕人以此來表示對老人的尊敬,表達對父輩養育之恩的報答。但最近一二十年,鐘擺轉到相反的方向去了。根據1994年一項調查, 52％的老人獨住自己家,或住進大城市的養老院,而在1954年則基本沒有這種情況。為什么越來越多的老人和他們的于女分開住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband.
傳統上來說,青年人關心的是職業、成功、積累財富以及舒適的生活。但現在鐘擺似乎轉到另一方向去了。根據1994年的調查,許多反文化的觀念已進入了主流文化。
許多人衡量成功的標志不再是物質方面,而是創造、自主、快樂、參與、冒險、刺激和愛情。
許多人對社會提供的工作和支付的報酬發生了疑問,并且不滿足于丈夫和妻子的傳統社會屬性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of general / growing / healthy tendency to upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward
42 According to a poll study survey , there is X percent of, compared with Y percent last year. Why？
42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies？
最近幾年,科學家正從純理論的研究轉到應用領域上來。根據一項調查顯示:光北京地區就有72％的科研工作者轉向了工業部門,那里不僅工作機會多,通常工資待遇也遠比理論研究部門要高得多。這種傾向是否和全國只注重經濟的直接產出,不太關心長期的理論研究有關呢？
42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone a dramatic step on the path away from the close-knit, extended families so common just a few decades ago. According to a census report, households consisting of just one person have increased to 14 percent in the past year, compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living alone？
近些年來獨身現象悄然出現。這對幾十年前相當普遍的關系緊密的大家庭來說,是一個非常大的變化。根據一份調查報告,去年單身者家庭上升14%,而在20年前只有4%單身者家庭。為什么那些人要選擇獨身生活呢？
VI.故事法
文章開頭講一個故事,不僅可以引起讀者的興趣,且可引出文章要討論的主題。以下是引出故事的句型。
43 Last Sunday, The other day, Some months ago, I a friend of mine The story case incident is not rare, unusual, it is one typical of thousands of
43.1 The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldnt make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss Lees case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work.
幾天前,我遇到老同學李小姐。她告訴我她決定在本學期未辭去教師工作,去一家公司供職。她說她選擇的教師職業使她無法生活下去,即使她每周兩次晚上出去打工,還是不能擺脫經濟站據的窘境。李小姐的情況很普遍。在成千上萬辭去自己原來工作,去尋找比較有錢的職業的青年教師中,她是個典型的例子。
43.2 Last evening, I went to visit one of my friends and was little surprised to find his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didnt she have supper with her family？ She is going to have class in the evening school, explained her father. The case is not rare. My friends daughter is just one of thousands of school children around the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools.
昨晚我去看望一個朋友,看到她10歲的女兒正獨自吃早晚飯有些奇怪。
便問:她為什么不和家人一起吃晚飯？他父親解釋道:她要上夜校去。
這種情況并不鮮見。在夜校學外語的全市數以萬計的在校學生中,我朋友的女兒不過是其中的一個而已。
44 Once in a hospital street newspaper , I saw read of learnt The problem phenomenon plight of has drawn arouse public nationwide general attention. concern
44.1 Once in a hospital I saw a small child with acute leukemia. She made the rounds and asked the adults her father, mother and relatives, What is it going to be like when I die？ The grown-ups responded in a variety of ways, some crying out, some l osing for wards. The only message the little girl received through the grown-ups response was that they had a lot of fear when it came to talking about death. How to help our youngsters to deal with the reality of death part of life that all of us eventually have to face？ The question has now drawn general attention.
有一次我在醫院里看到一個患白血病的小女孩。她環視了一下來看望她的大人,逐個問她的爸爸、媽媽及親戚:我死后會怎么樣？大人們的反應各不相同,有的不禁失聲痛哭,有的吞吞吐吐不知如何作答。這個女孩從大人的反應中得到的唯一信息是,在談到死亡時他們對死都很害怕。如何來幫助孩子正確對待死,這個我們每一個人最終都必須面對的現實呢？這個問題已引起許多人的注意。
44.2 Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has amused nationwide concern.
有一次在報上我讀到一則消息:一大群人對一位落水兒童的母親的哀求置之不理真令人震驚。由于這位婦女一時拿不出所要求的現錢的數目作為救她孩子的回報,最后她眼睜睜地看著兒子淹死。這種事在報紙、電視上常有報道。人們現在表現出來的這種麻木不仁、見死不救的態度已引起了全社會的關注。
45 I have a friend A friend of mine who Should Can he？ Such a choice dilemma problem we often meet face confront in our daily life.
45.1 I have a friend who lies in a hospital, slowly dying of a painful and incurable disease. Although there is no hope of recovery, the disease sometimes permits its victim to linger on for many months in ever great torment. My friend, apprised of the outcome and knowing that the hospital expenses are a severe drain on his familys limited financial resources, decides that death had better come at once. Should the family meet his demand despite the enormous love for him？ Should the doctor run the risk of providing him with the necessary drug？ Such a dilemma we often meet in our daily life.
我有一個朋友躺在醫院里,他患了不治之癥,在痛苦中慢慢死去。
雖然這種病無法醫治,但病人要在愈來愈痛苦的折磨中掙扎好幾個月。
我的朋友得知自己的病情后,考慮到耗費在自己身上的醫藥費時并不富裕的家來說是個沉重的經濟負擔,決定盡快結束生命。雖然他的家人很愛他,但是否應同意他的要求呢？醫生是否應冒險向他提供結束生命必要的藥物呢？
在日常生活中我們常遇到這樣的難題。
46 Once upon a time was lived a man. The tale story may be apocryphal unbelievable 46 but it still has a realistic significance its underlying moral has continuing relevance now today.
46.1 Once upon a time there were a brother and sister squabbling over an apple, with each insisting on the larger slice. Just as the boy had gained control of the knife and was poised to hack off the larger share for himself, the parents said: Hold it！ I dont care who cuts that apple into two pieces, but whoever does has to give the other the right to select the piece they want. Naturally, to protect himself, the boy cut the apple into two pieces of equal size. The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today. There are sane situations in which the needs of the protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts firm defeating each other to defeating the problem, every one can benefit.
從前有一對兄妹為一只蘋果爭吵,兩人都想吃大的一塊。正當那個男孩拿起刀子準備切下大的一半給自己時,父母說:住手,不管誰把它切開,但切的人得給對方選擇他所要部分的權利。很自然,男孩為了不吃虧,把蘋果切成一般大小的兩塊。這則故事有點難以置信,但其中蘊含的教益至今有用。有許多情況雙方的需求并不真正對立,只需把爭論的焦點從打敗對手轉移到解決問題這上面來,雙方便都能得益。
VII.問題法
問題法句型主要用于討論一個有爭議性主題的文章。文章開頭用一個要討論或解答的問題設問,可以一下激起讀者的興趣。
47 Should What ？ Opinions of Attitudes towards vary widely / greatly from person to person . 47 Some think of regard view as Others argue believe claim
47.1 Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries？ Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he neednt concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or, discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.
科學家對他的發現該不該負責？人們有不同的看法。有的人認為回答是否定的。
