職稱英語考試閱讀理解重點虛擬語氣詞
虛擬語氣可以粗略地分為兩大類: 第一類:should 型虛擬式 第二類:were 型虛擬式 1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時) 這類虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中: (1) It is necessary that的主語從句中,如: It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會議。) 只要看到necessary,馬上要想到這是should型虛擬式。 記住下面構成should型虛擬式的詞: essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的) (2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請求) / insist(堅持認為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議) 由這些詞構成的賓語從句,主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句或其他有關句型時,都要使用should型虛擬式,例如: It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語從句) The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語從句) The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語從句) The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語從句) (3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免 / 以防) 結構中,例如: He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實語氣:in case it rained) She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。) 可見,此類虛擬語氣比較容易接受,考試時只要認準了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準確選擇。 就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項,如使用must, may, might, could等類詞進行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動詞的形式,以迷惑考生,例如: The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights. A. must not watch B. not watch C. should not have watched D. not be watching 該題中的ask意為要求,故是個should型虛擬式, 正確答案為B. (4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結構中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如: It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。) It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯過了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。) 2.were型虛擬式: 所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動詞過去時的某個形式以及be動詞的were這個形式來表達某種虛擬的語氣。 由于were型虛擬式主要用在if非真實條件句中,而且它是其他were型虛擬式句型的基礎,所以我們先要搞清楚if非真實條件句。 (1) if非真實條件句: 條件句分為真實條件句和非真實條件句: 真實條件句是指真實的或可以實現的條件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我們大家一起努力,就一定能按時完成任務), 動詞使用的是真實的時態(tài)和形式。 非真實條件句是指對已經發(fā)生過的事情,或對不可能發(fā)生或實現的事進行假設,例如:如果當時有醫(yī)生在,這個孩子就有可能得救了,顯然,這是對已發(fā)生的事情的一種假設,該句的英語表達為:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved. 為了便于理解和記憶,我們用表格形式加以歸納: 時間 動詞形式 舉例 過去 if條件句:had done / had been 結果句:would have done / beenIf there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved. 倒裝:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved 現在 if條件句:did / be動詞用were 結果句: would do (be)If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的話,我就接受他的提議。) 倒裝:Were I you, I would accept his offer. If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就會告訴你) 不可以倒裝 將來 if條件句: should do (be) / were to 結果句:would do (be)If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我們就呆在家里。) 倒裝:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上會來,我就請他幫助解決這個問題。) 倒裝:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. 這里關鍵是要掌握好兩點: (A) 虛擬行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間:過去?現在?還是將來? (B) 采用了什么相應的動詞形式? 補充說明: (A) 當 if 省略后,要采用倒裝形式,如舉例所示; (B) 如果所說的條件是永遠不可逆轉的。如如果我是你的話(我永遠不可能變?yōu)槟悖词故菍^去的假設,也用現在虛擬式表示,例如: If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是換了我,我就采納他的意見了。) (C) 結果句中的would 可以根據內容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪兒,她或許會來的。)但是將來虛擬式條件句中的should是將來時的標志詞,不能用would代替,不要搞錯了。 (D) 關于含蓄虛擬式:含蓄虛擬式是指虛擬的條件用一種比較含蓄的方式加以表達的虛擬語氣,如:我昨天很忙,要不就來參加你的生日派對了.其中的我很忙是真實情況,要不就來參加你的生日派對了則是虛擬的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party. 所以,注意句子中出現的:but, or(否則), otherwise(否則), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 過去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用來引出含蓄虛擬式的詞或短語,例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你們的合作,我們不可能那樣順利地完成這個實驗。) (2) were型虛擬式的其他用法 (同樣要遵守過去、現在、將來的虛擬規(guī)則): wish賓語從句: I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 過去) I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是個醫(yī)生就好了。- 現在) (注:這個句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.) I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下來。將來) If only(要是就好了) If only you hadnt offended him. (你當時不惹他就好了。- 過去) If only I had some money on hand now. (我現在手頭有些錢就好了。-現在) If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能來有多好啊。-將來) It is (about / high) time that.(是的時候了) 由于該句型只能用在現在時間,所以從句的動詞只能是過去時形式,例如: It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱們該開始工作了。) As if (though)(似乎) 這個句型可以是陳述語氣,也可以是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的時態(tài)變化原則與wish用法相同,例如: She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一樣熱愛幼兒園的孩子門。 - 現在) He talked about China as if he had been there. (他談起中國來好象去過那里。) It looks as if it is going to rain.(看來天要下雨。- 陳述語氣) Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 從句結構 這幾個句型都表示一種婉轉的責備,中文常有還不如,寧可倒希望等意思,例如: Id rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身體這么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 現在) I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你還不如昨天就把錢還給他了。- 過去) I would prefer he didnt stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那兒呆得時間太長。) 比較: I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒認為她演哪個年輕女子比較合適。- 表示建議,用 should型虛擬式) 做虛擬語氣的題目,歸納起來就是兩句話: 一是,看清是什么形式的虛擬式,should型還是 were型? 二是,如果是were型虛擬式,看清句中所給的時態(tài):過去、現在、將來? 這里的關鍵是:要對構成虛擬語氣的詞、詞組和句型比較敏感。
虛擬語氣可以粗略地分為兩大類: 第一類:should 型虛擬式 第二類:were 型虛擬式 1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時) 這類虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中: (1) It is necessary that的主語從句中,如: It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會議。) 只要看到necessary,馬上要想到這是should型虛擬式。 記住下面構成should型虛擬式的詞: essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的) (2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請求) / insist(堅持認為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議) 由這些詞構成的賓語從句,主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句或其他有關句型時,都要使用should型虛擬式,例如: It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語從句) The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語從句) The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語從句) The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語從句) (3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免 / 以防) 結構中,例如: He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實語氣:in case it rained) She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。) 可見,此類虛擬語氣比較容易接受,考試時只要認準了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準確選擇。 就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項,如使用must, may, might, could等類詞進行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動詞的形式,以迷惑考生,例如: The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights. A. must not watch B. not watch C. should not have watched D. not be watching 該題中的ask意為要求,故是個should型虛擬式, 正確答案為B. (4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結構中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如: It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。) It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯過了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。) 2.were型虛擬式: 所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動詞過去時的某個形式以及be動詞的were這個形式來表達某種虛擬的語氣。 由于were型虛擬式主要用在if非真實條件句中,而且它是其他were型虛擬式句型的基礎,所以我們先要搞清楚if非真實條件句。 (1) if非真實條件句: 條件句分為真實條件句和非真實條件句: 真實條件句是指真實的或可以實現的條件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我們大家一起努力,就一定能按時完成任務), 動詞使用的是真實的時態(tài)和形式。 非真實條件句是指對已經發(fā)生過的事情,或對不可能發(fā)生或實現的事進行假設,例如:如果當時有醫(yī)生在,這個孩子就有可能得救了,顯然,這是對已發(fā)生的事情的一種假設,該句的英語表達為:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved. 為了便于理解和記憶,我們用表格形式加以歸納: 時間 動詞形式 舉例 過去 if條件句:had done / had been 結果句:would have done / beenIf there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved. 倒裝:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved 現在 if條件句:did / be動詞用were 結果句: would do (be)If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的話,我就接受他的提議。) 倒裝:Were I you, I would accept his offer. If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就會告訴你) 不可以倒裝 將來 if條件句: should do (be) / were to 結果句:would do (be)If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我們就呆在家里。) 倒裝:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上會來,我就請他幫助解決這個問題。) 倒裝:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. 這里關鍵是要掌握好兩點: (A) 虛擬行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間:過去?現在?還是將來? (B) 采用了什么相應的動詞形式? 補充說明: (A) 當 if 省略后,要采用倒裝形式,如舉例所示; (B) 如果所說的條件是永遠不可逆轉的。如如果我是你的話(我永遠不可能變?yōu)槟悖词故菍^去的假設,也用現在虛擬式表示,例如: If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是換了我,我就采納他的意見了。) (C) 結果句中的would 可以根據內容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪兒,她或許會來的。)但是將來虛擬式條件句中的should是將來時的標志詞,不能用would代替,不要搞錯了。 (D) 關于含蓄虛擬式:含蓄虛擬式是指虛擬的條件用一種比較含蓄的方式加以表達的虛擬語氣,如:我昨天很忙,要不就來參加你的生日派對了.其中的我很忙是真實情況,要不就來參加你的生日派對了則是虛擬的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party. 所以,注意句子中出現的:but, or(否則), otherwise(否則), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 過去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用來引出含蓄虛擬式的詞或短語,例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你們的合作,我們不可能那樣順利地完成這個實驗。) (2) were型虛擬式的其他用法 (同樣要遵守過去、現在、將來的虛擬規(guī)則): wish賓語從句: I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 過去) I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是個醫(yī)生就好了。- 現在) (注:這個句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.) I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下來。將來) If only(要是就好了) If only you hadnt offended him. (你當時不惹他就好了。- 過去) If only I had some money on hand now. (我現在手頭有些錢就好了。-現在) If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能來有多好啊。-將來) It is (about / high) time that.(是的時候了) 由于該句型只能用在現在時間,所以從句的動詞只能是過去時形式,例如: It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱們該開始工作了。) As if (though)(似乎) 這個句型可以是陳述語氣,也可以是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的時態(tài)變化原則與wish用法相同,例如: She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一樣熱愛幼兒園的孩子門。 - 現在) He talked about China as if he had been there. (他談起中國來好象去過那里。) It looks as if it is going to rain.(看來天要下雨。- 陳述語氣) Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 從句結構 這幾個句型都表示一種婉轉的責備,中文常有還不如,寧可倒希望等意思,例如: Id rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身體這么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 現在) I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你還不如昨天就把錢還給他了。- 過去) I would prefer he didnt stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那兒呆得時間太長。) 比較: I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒認為她演哪個年輕女子比較合適。- 表示建議,用 should型虛擬式) 做虛擬語氣的題目,歸納起來就是兩句話: 一是,看清是什么形式的虛擬式,should型還是 were型? 二是,如果是were型虛擬式,看清句中所給的時態(tài):過去、現在、將來? 這里的關鍵是:要對構成虛擬語氣的詞、詞組和句型比較敏感。