職稱英語重點語法解析之非謂語動詞
職稱英語重點語法解析之非謂語動詞
在職稱英語考試中,雖然不直接考語法知識,但是沒有一定語法知識的儲備,是無法正確理解所讀文章的內容并做出正確判斷的,因此在職稱英語備考中對于語法知識的復習也是非常重要的.多數參加職稱英語考試的考生,已參加工作多年,且絕大多數人在各種事業單位和國有企業中工作,工作過程中很少有英語應用機會,個人英語能力相對于大學已經有明顯退步.所以,英語語法的復習就成了備考中既重要又讓考生頭痛的環節.
非謂語動詞是常考查和較難的一個語法點,希望通過對非謂語動詞用法的詳解,可以幫助考生更好的掌握非謂語動詞的相關考點,為進行閱讀學習打下良好的語法基礎.
非謂語動詞也叫非限定動詞或動詞的非謂語形式.非謂語動詞主要包括動名詞、不定式和分詞(現在分詞和過去分詞),即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外, 具有動詞的部分語法特征,可以承擔句子的任何成分.
一、動名詞
1.定義:
動名詞是由動詞或動詞短語轉換而成的名詞性結構,其構成的形式是在動詞或動詞短語的動詞后面加上ing.
2.功能:
動名詞(或動名詞短語)在句中起名詞的作用,可用作主語、表語、賓語(動詞或介詞的賓語)和定語等.
(1)作主語
e.g. Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的.
(2)作表語
e.g. In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國,蟻后的工作是產卵.
(3)作賓語(動詞或介詞的賓語)
e.g. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染.
(4)作定語
e.gHe cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路.
3.考點:
動名詞在職稱英語中往往不是不直接進行考察,而是把動名詞結構放在英語的句子中,然后考察考生對句含動名詞結構的這個句子的句意的準確了解.所以,考生在復習中主要需要弄清楚動名詞在英語句子中的四種語法功能.
4.與分詞做定語的區別:
現在分詞由原形動詞+ing構成,如designing,leaving,stopping等現在分詞作定語時,表示正在進行的動作,或經常性的動作,或表示現狀.由此可見現在分詞與動名詞結構在形上相似.考生需要能區分現在分詞作定語和動名詞作定語的情況.動名詞作定語往往表示所修飾的名詞的功能/用語,現在分詞作定語強調分詞結構中的動作正在進行.
Give the note to theloudly-speaking(現在分詞作定語)man. 請把便條交給坐在正在高聲說話的人.
Id like to buy a washing(動名詞作定語)maching.(a machine for washing). 我想要一臺洗衣機.
5.常接動名詞作賓語的動詞:
acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enioy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,f1orgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate
6.動名詞的習慣用法與句型:
be busy/active doinz sth.
have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth.
Its no good/use doing sth.
have a good/hard/difficuh time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth.
There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth.
cannot help doing sth.
There is no use doing sth
二、不定式
1、動詞不定式形式:(to)+do具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征;否定式:not+(to) do
2、不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式置于句后,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有:
1、It+be+名詞+to do.
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do.
3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do.
4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do.
常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語.
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)后置,放在賓語補足語后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如: I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語: 在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. /He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后.與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
3、難點解析
(1)接不定式或動名詞在意思上有區別的動詞:
fmean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)
mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建議(做某事)
forget to do忘記(要做的事)remember to do記得(要做某事)
forget doing忘記(已做的事)remember doing記得(已做過的事)
regret to do(對將要做的事)遺憾go on to do繼而(做另一件事)
regret doing(對已做過的事)后悔go on doing繼續(做原來的事)
fstop to do停下來去做另一件事
stop doing停止正在做的事
(2)下列動詞短語中的to是介詞,后面應接動名詞或名詞:
object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to.be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to
三、分詞
1. 分詞作定語
1) 分詞作定語既可以放在所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語,也可以放在所修飾的詞后面,作后置定語.其作用相當于一個定語從句.例如:
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個緊迫的問題.
2) 分詞作后置定語可分為限制性(緊跟在所修飾的中心詞之后)和非限制性(用逗號與其所修飾的中心詞分開)兩種,其作用分別相當于一個限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句.例如:
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來幫助那些無家可歸的人.
There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.
有許多學生在等待檢查.
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本書是用淺顯的英語寫的,適合初學者.
3) 分詞常和形容詞、副詞或名詞構成合成形容詞作定語.例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鮮花的姑娘一定在等人.
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓.
4) 有些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,并不表示被動的意思而是表示完成.這類過去分詞常作前置修飾語.例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉.
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事.
常用的這一類詞有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等.
2. 分詞作賓語補足語
1) 跟分詞作賓補的動詞有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等.例如:
When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.
當他們度假完回到家時,發現房子被盜了.(過去分詞表示被動)
2) 在復合賓語中,用現在分詞作賓補,說明賓語是動作的發出者,形成邏輯上的主謂關系;用過去分詞作賓補,表示賓語是動作的承受者,構成邏輯上的動賓關系.例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard.
由于十分吵鬧,講話人沒法讓人聽到他的聲音.
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒來的時候發現一位老大娘正在照顧他.
3. 分詞作狀語
1) 分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀況.通常可轉換成相應的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況的可以轉換成并列句或非限制性定語從句.例如:
Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.
她臥病在床,什么事都需要人伺候.(作原因狀語)
Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有書本知識,你就不可能做好工作.(作條件狀語)
They stood there waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他們站在那里等公共汽車.(作方式狀語)
2) 現在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時的用法比較
不管是現在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語,如果單獨作狀語,其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致.分詞作狀語通常可以轉換成一個相應的狀語從句,如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為被動結構,就用過去分詞;如果狀語從句中的謂語動詞為主動結構,就用現在分詞.有時為了強調,分詞前可帶連詞when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作狀語,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫.例如:
Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed.
如果你努力,你會成功的.
Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.
雖然他被擊敗了,但他仍然是一個受人喜愛的拳擊手.
4. 分詞的獨立結構
1) 分詞作狀語時,要特別注意其邏輯主語必須和謂語動詞的主語一致.否則,分詞必須有自己的主語,這種帶主語的分詞被稱為分詞的獨立結構,或叫獨立主格.在句中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件等.例如:
The project finished, they had a two weeks leave.
完成那個計劃后,他們休了兩周假.
He being absent, nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也沒法干.
2) 獨立結構有時也可以用with/ without +名詞(或代詞的賓語)+ 分詞的結構,表示伴隨狀況.例如:
They sat there silently, (with) their eyes fixedon the lake.
他們靜靜地坐在那里,眼睛看著湖面.
With him helping me, I felt lucky.
有他的幫助,我感到很幸運.
5 . 容易混淆的現在分詞和過去分詞
像 interesting 和 interested 一類的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區分:
( 1 )一部分表示情感;心情等意義的動詞的現在分詞有令人具有性質的的意思,常用來說明人或事物的特征或性質.如:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
( 2 )它們的過去分詞有感到的的意思,用來指人的感覺或所處的狀態,因而它的主語一般不可能是指物的詞.如:
He was too excited to fall asleep.
這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等.
經典例題解析:
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析:根據題干,必須選表示被動的選項,故排除A、D;因B選項表將要被舉行意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(相當于which was first played)才合用.
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析:B、C是謂語動詞,在此不可用.D項to make或表目的,或表將要使得,這都不合題干情景.只有A.making,可作狀語,表結果.再舉一現在分詞作結果狀語例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風雪所阻,因而耽誤了.
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
