牛津實用英語語法 27 形容詞+動詞不定式/that從句/介詞結構
A due,due to,owing to,certain,sure,bound,confidentdue用于指時間,和動詞不定式連用:
The race is due to start in ten minutes.
還有十分鐘賽馬就該開始了。
但due也可以單獨使用:
The plane was due(in)at six.It is an hour overdue.
飛機應該是6點到,現在已誤點一小時了。
due to(介詞)意為是的結果,由于:
The accident was due to carelessness.
這起車禍是由粗心造成的。
owing to意為由于,因為:
Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.
由于他的粗心大意,我們出了車禍。
due to必須置于主語+動詞之后,但英國人常常粗心大意地在句首應該使用owing to時錯用了due to。
certain和sure與動詞不定式連用,表達說話人的判斷。bound也可用在此處:
Tom is certain/sure/bound to win.
湯姆肯定會贏。(說話人對此很有把握。)
但是主語+certain/sure+that從句結構則表達主語的判斷:Tom is sure that he will win.
湯姆確信他能獲勝。(湯姆對于獲勝有十分把握。)
confident that如上面所說可代替certain/sure that,但confi-dent不能放在動詞不定式之前。
sure,certain,confident均可放在of+名詞/代詞或動名詞之前:Unless youre early you cant be sure of getting a seat.除非你早去,否則你不會有座位的。
bound后面可跟動詞不定式,但不能跟that從句。
bound+動詞不定式也有有義務做的意思:
According to the contract we are bound to supply the materials.
按照合同我們必須提供材料。
B afraid(of),ashamed(of),sorry(for/about)
afraid of,ashamed of,sorry for/about+名詞/代名詞或動名詞的例子如:
She is afraid of heights/of falling.
她怕登高/摔下來。
He was ashamed of himself(for behaving so badly)/ashamed of behavingso badly.
他為自己的無禮行為感到羞愧。
Im sorry for breaking your window.
對不起,我打碎了你的窗戶。(道歉)
Im sorry about your window.
關于你的窗戶的事我很抱歉。(道歉/懊悔)
Im sorry for Peter.
我為彼得感到遺憾。(遺憾)
afraid,ashamed,sorry均可位于動詞不定式之前:
She was afraid to speak.
她怕開口說話。(她沒說話。)
Id be ashamed to take his money.
我不好意思拿他的錢。(我沒拿錢。)
Im sorry to say that we have no news.
我很抱歉地告訴你,我們沒得到消息。
或位于that從句之前:
Im ashamed that Ive nothing better to offer you.
我很不好意思,我沒有更好的東西送給你。
Shes afraid(that)he wont believe her.
她怕他不信任她。(擔心)
Im afraid(that)we have no news.
恐怕沒有消息。(懊悔)
Im sorry(that)you cant come.
真遺憾,你來不了。
(關于這三種結構意思上的區別,參見第271節。關于Imafraid not/so,參見第347節。)
C anxious(about),anxious+動詞不定式,anxious thatanxious(+about+名詞/代名詞)意為焦慮:
Im anxious(about Tom).His plane is overdue.
我很(為湯姆)著急。他乘的飛機誤點了。
be anxious(+for+名詞/代名詞)+動詞不定式意為急欲/希望:
Im very anxious(for him)to see the Carnival.
我非常希望(他)去看狂歡節。
anxious+that+should結構可用于非常正式的英語中:
The committee is anxious that this matter should be kept secret.
委員會切望這件事保密。
D fortunate(幸運的)和lucky(運氣好的)既可和that從句連用,也可和動詞不定式連用。二者在意思上常有不同。
It is fortunate/lucky that常常意為是件好事:
Its lucky that Tom has a car.
真幸運,湯姆有一輛汽車。
Its lucky that he passed his test.
真幸運,他通過駕駛執照考試了。(現在他可以自己開車去火車站/ 帶著孩子去海邊了等。)
Its lucky for us that he has a car.
他有一輛汽車是我們的運氣。(他能讓我們搭車。)
主語+be+fortunate/lucky+動詞不定式結構仍然強調主語的好運氣:
Hes lucky to have a car.
他真幸運有一輛汽車了。(許多人沒有。)
He was lucky to pass his test.
真幸運,他通過考試了。(他實際沒有達到所要求的水平。)
is/are+fortunate/lucky+動詞不定式的現在式主要與靜態動詞連用,如前面是was/were或后面用的是動詞不定式的進行式或完成式,動詞的選擇范圍則較廣泛:
You were fortunate to escape unharmed.
你真幸運,毫發未傷地逃出來了。
You are lucky to be going by air.
你挺幸運的,能乘飛機走。
He is lucky to have sold his house before they decided to build the newairport.
他挺運氣的,在他們決定要修建新機場之前把房子賣了。
it is lucky(幸運)/unlucky(不幸運的)結構中可用任何動詞的不定式:
It is unlucky to break a mirror.
打碎鏡子是不吉利的。(會帶來壞運氣。)
fortunate(幸運的)和unfortunate(不幸運的)不能用于此處,但可用于上述其他結構。而且常用于較正規英語中。
下列形容詞可單獨使用或與一個名詞連用:
I wasnt lucky.
我不走運。
Hes fortunate.
他挺幸運的。
Thirteens my lucky number.
13是我的吉祥數。
Hes a fortunate man.
他是個幸運兒。
E possible(可能的),probable(很可能的)和likely(很可能的)可與由it引導的that從句連用。likely也可與主語+動詞不定式結構連用:
(a)Its possible that hell come today.相當于:
(b)Perhaps hell come/He may come today.
今天他可能會來。
(a)Its probable that hell come today.相當于:
(b)Hell probably come today.
今天他大概會來。
在上述的兩種情況下,(b)形式要比(a)形式更為常見,但如果想對句中的形容詞加以修飾,用that從句會更合宜:
Its just/quite possible that
很可能
Its not very probable that
不太可能
以上兩種形式對likely來講是同樣有用的:
Its quite likely that hdll come today.相當于:
Hes quite likely to come today.
他今天很可能來。
is/are+主語+likely+動詞不定式結構是非常有用的,因為它為may提供了一個疑問形式:
Is he likely to ring today?
他今天是不是可能打電話來?
當所指的事情比較明顯時,possible,probable,likely后可不用that從句:
Do you think hell sell his house?
Its quite possible/probable/likely(that hell sell it).
你覺得他會把房子賣掉嗎?
很可能(他會把房子賣掉)。
F aware(知道)和conscious(感覺到)與that從句或of+名詞/代詞或動名詞結構連用:
Itll be dangerous.
Im aware that Itll be dangerous./Im aware of that.
這將很危險。
我知道這很危險。/我知道那一點。
I was conscious of being watched.相當于:
I felt that someone was watching me.
我意識到了有人在盯著我。
當conscious單獨使用時,指身體的感覺:
I had only a local anaesthetic.I was conscious the whole time.
我只作了局部麻醉。我一直是有知覺的。
A due,due to,owing to,certain,sure,bound,confidentdue用于指時間,和動詞不定式連用:
The race is due to start in ten minutes.
還有十分鐘賽馬就該開始了。
但due也可以單獨使用:
The plane was due(in)at six.It is an hour overdue.
飛機應該是6點到,現在已誤點一小時了。
due to(介詞)意為是的結果,由于:
The accident was due to carelessness.
這起車禍是由粗心造成的。
owing to意為由于,因為:
Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.
由于他的粗心大意,我們出了車禍。
due to必須置于主語+動詞之后,但英國人常常粗心大意地在句首應該使用owing to時錯用了due to。
certain和sure與動詞不定式連用,表達說話人的判斷。bound也可用在此處:
Tom is certain/sure/bound to win.
湯姆肯定會贏。(說話人對此很有把握。)
但是主語+certain/sure+that從句結構則表達主語的判斷:Tom is sure that he will win.
湯姆確信他能獲勝。(湯姆對于獲勝有十分把握。)
confident that如上面所說可代替certain/sure that,但confi-dent不能放在動詞不定式之前。
sure,certain,confident均可放在of+名詞/代詞或動名詞之前:Unless youre early you cant be sure of getting a seat.除非你早去,否則你不會有座位的。
bound后面可跟動詞不定式,但不能跟that從句。
bound+動詞不定式也有有義務做的意思:
According to the contract we are bound to supply the materials.
按照合同我們必須提供材料。
B afraid(of),ashamed(of),sorry(for/about)
afraid of,ashamed of,sorry for/about+名詞/代名詞或動名詞的例子如:
She is afraid of heights/of falling.
她怕登高/摔下來。
He was ashamed of himself(for behaving so badly)/ashamed of behavingso badly.
他為自己的無禮行為感到羞愧。
Im sorry for breaking your window.
對不起,我打碎了你的窗戶。(道歉)
Im sorry about your window.
關于你的窗戶的事我很抱歉。(道歉/懊悔)
Im sorry for Peter.
我為彼得感到遺憾。(遺憾)
afraid,ashamed,sorry均可位于動詞不定式之前:
She was afraid to speak.
她怕開口說話。(她沒說話。)
Id be ashamed to take his money.
我不好意思拿他的錢。(我沒拿錢。)
Im sorry to say that we have no news.
我很抱歉地告訴你,我們沒得到消息。
或位于that從句之前:
Im ashamed that Ive nothing better to offer you.
我很不好意思,我沒有更好的東西送給你。
Shes afraid(that)he wont believe her.
她怕他不信任她。(擔心)
Im afraid(that)we have no news.
恐怕沒有消息。(懊悔)
Im sorry(that)you cant come.
真遺憾,你來不了。
(關于這三種結構意思上的區別,參見第271節。關于Imafraid not/so,參見第347節。)
C anxious(about),anxious+動詞不定式,anxious thatanxious(+about+名詞/代名詞)意為焦慮:
Im anxious(about Tom).His plane is overdue.
我很(為湯姆)著急。他乘的飛機誤點了。
be anxious(+for+名詞/代名詞)+動詞不定式意為急欲/希望:
Im very anxious(for him)to see the Carnival.
我非常希望(他)去看狂歡節。
anxious+that+should結構可用于非常正式的英語中:
The committee is anxious that this matter should be kept secret.
委員會切望這件事保密。
D fortunate(幸運的)和lucky(運氣好的)既可和that從句連用,也可和動詞不定式連用。二者在意思上常有不同。
It is fortunate/lucky that常常意為是件好事:
Its lucky that Tom has a car.
真幸運,湯姆有一輛汽車。
Its lucky that he passed his test.
真幸運,他通過駕駛執照考試了。(現在他可以自己開車去火車站/ 帶著孩子去海邊了等。)
Its lucky for us that he has a car.
他有一輛汽車是我們的運氣。(他能讓我們搭車。)
主語+be+fortunate/lucky+動詞不定式結構仍然強調主語的好運氣:
Hes lucky to have a car.
他真幸運有一輛汽車了。(許多人沒有。)
He was lucky to pass his test.
真幸運,他通過考試了。(他實際沒有達到所要求的水平。)
is/are+fortunate/lucky+動詞不定式的現在式主要與靜態動詞連用,如前面是was/were或后面用的是動詞不定式的進行式或完成式,動詞的選擇范圍則較廣泛:
You were fortunate to escape unharmed.
你真幸運,毫發未傷地逃出來了。
You are lucky to be going by air.
你挺幸運的,能乘飛機走。
He is lucky to have sold his house before they decided to build the newairport.
他挺運氣的,在他們決定要修建新機場之前把房子賣了。
it is lucky(幸運)/unlucky(不幸運的)結構中可用任何動詞的不定式:
It is unlucky to break a mirror.
打碎鏡子是不吉利的。(會帶來壞運氣。)
fortunate(幸運的)和unfortunate(不幸運的)不能用于此處,但可用于上述其他結構。而且常用于較正規英語中。
下列形容詞可單獨使用或與一個名詞連用:
I wasnt lucky.
我不走運。
Hes fortunate.
他挺幸運的。
Thirteens my lucky number.
13是我的吉祥數。
Hes a fortunate man.
他是個幸運兒。
E possible(可能的),probable(很可能的)和likely(很可能的)可與由it引導的that從句連用。likely也可與主語+動詞不定式結構連用:
(a)Its possible that hell come today.相當于:
(b)Perhaps hell come/He may come today.
今天他可能會來。
(a)Its probable that hell come today.相當于:
(b)Hell probably come today.
今天他大概會來。
在上述的兩種情況下,(b)形式要比(a)形式更為常見,但如果想對句中的形容詞加以修飾,用that從句會更合宜:
Its just/quite possible that
很可能
Its not very probable that
不太可能
以上兩種形式對likely來講是同樣有用的:
Its quite likely that hdll come today.相當于:
Hes quite likely to come today.
他今天很可能來。
is/are+主語+likely+動詞不定式結構是非常有用的,因為它為may提供了一個疑問形式:
Is he likely to ring today?
他今天是不是可能打電話來?
當所指的事情比較明顯時,possible,probable,likely后可不用that從句:
Do you think hell sell his house?
Its quite possible/probable/likely(that hell sell it).
你覺得他會把房子賣掉嗎?
很可能(他會把房子賣掉)。
F aware(知道)和conscious(感覺到)與that從句或of+名詞/代詞或動名詞結構連用:
Itll be dangerous.
Im aware that Itll be dangerous./Im aware of that.
這將很危險。
我知道這很危險。/我知道那一點。
I was conscious of being watched.相當于:
I felt that someone was watching me.
我意識到了有人在盯著我。
當conscious單獨使用時,指身體的感覺:
I had only a local anaesthetic.I was conscious the whole time.
我只作了局部麻醉。我一直是有知覺的。