黑龍江省名校高三英語語法專題第12講連詞和狀語從句

　　(2)whatever和however的用法比較 whatever和however都可引導讓步狀語從句，whatever一般在從句中做定語、主語或賓語，而however后接形容詞或副詞，在從句中做狀語。 Whatever difficulties we meet，we'll never change our mind.無論我們遇到什么樣的困難，我們永遠都不會改變我們的主意。 Keep calm，whatever happens. 無論發生什么事都要保持冷靜。 You are certainly right，whatever others may say. 不論別人說什么，你確實是對的。 He'll never succeed，however hard he tries. 無論他如何努力嘗試，他都不會成功。

　　(3)as引導的讓步狀語從句 as引導讓步狀語從句時，可用倒裝結構：可以把表語提前，當表語是名詞時，名詞前應省略冠詞；也可把狀語或謂語動詞提前。 Old as he is，he still works hard. 盡管他年紀大了，但他仍努力工作。 Child as he is，he knows a lot. 盡管他是個孩子，他卻懂很多知識。 Much as I like it，I don't want to buy it now. 盡管我很喜歡這件東西，但我現在還不想買。 Try as he might，he wouldn't succeed. 盡管他可能會嘗試，但他不會成功。

　　(4)though和although的用法比較 ①在上述as引導的讓步狀語從句的倒裝句式中，也可用though，但不能用although。 Old though he is，he still works hard.(此句中不能用although) ②though還可做副詞，在句末單獨使用，表示“可是”、“居然”。 He said he would come；he didn't，though. 他說他會來，可是他并沒有來。 (5)even if和even though表示“即使、盡管” He might have helped you，even though he was very busy.盡管他很忙，他也可能會幫你。 Even if you have money，you will not buy everything. 即使你有錢，也未必什么都能買到。 (九) 條件狀語從句 　引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有if(如果)；unless(除非，如果不)；as/so long as(只要)；in case(如果，萬一)；supposing(that)(倘若，假定)；provided/providing(that)(假若，倘若)等。 You will succeed so/as long as you study hard. 只要你努力學習，你一定會成功。 Supposing it rains，what shall we do? 假如下雨，我們該怎么辦呢？ I will go providing/provided(that)my expenses are paid. 假如我的費用有人代付， 我就去。 In case I forget，please remind me of my promise. 萬一我忘記了，請提醒我別忘了我的諾言。 You'll fail in the exam unless you study hard/if you don't study hard.除非你努力學習，否則考試就會失敗。 一、連詞 連詞是一種虛詞，在句子中不能單獨作句子成分，也沒有詞形變化，用來連接詞與詞，短語和短語或句子與句子。 1．并列關系 并列連詞：用來連接句子中相同成分的詞、短語、或句子。 常見的連詞有：and

　　……和……，……以及……，both...and...既……又，not

　　only...but also...不但……而且，as well as

　　也， 又。 He can speak and write English very well. 他英語說得和寫得都非常好。 We are happy and gay.我們興高采烈。 Both my father and mother like singing. 我父母都喜歡唱歌。

　　2．轉折關系 常見的連詞有：but 但是，yet 然而，while而，however 可是，然而。 She can play the piano but not the violin. 她會彈鋼琴，但不會拉小提琴。 He isn't tall，yet he is strong.他個不高，但他很強壯。 3．選擇關系 常見的連詞有：or 或者，either...or...不是……就是……，or else 否則，otherwise否則……。 You must hurry ，or you'll be late. 你得趕快了，否則你會遲到的。 Put on your sweater，or else you will catch a cold.

　　穿上你的毛衣，否則你會感冒的。 4．因果關系 常見的連詞有：for，so, therefore等。 It must have rained last night，for the road is wet. 昨晚一定是下雨了，因為路上是濕的。 The headmaster called me just now, so I must go to the office at once. 校長剛才給我打電話，因此我必須馬上去辦公室。 5．從屬關系 常見的連詞有：that，whether/if，who，whom，whose, what, which，whoever，whatever，whichever, when，where，how，after，before，as，as soon as，while，till，since等。 I am sure that you're certain to win. 我相信你們一定獲勝。 He asked me if I could help him.他問我是否能幫助他。 The train had left when I got to the station. 當我到達車站時，火車已經開走了。 二、狀語從句 在主從復合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞、副詞等的從句叫狀語從句，一般可分為時間狀語從句，原因狀語從句，地點狀語從句，結果狀語從句，目的狀語從句，比較狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句和條件狀語從句。 (一)時間狀語從句 1．引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞 主要有when，while，as，after，before，since，till/until，once，as soon as，the moment/the minute/the instant，immediately，directly，hardly/scarcely...when，no sooner...than等。 (1)when和while的比較 ①when(當……時)通常表示時間的一點，有時也可表示時間的一段；while通常指時間的一段。 Be careful when you cross the road. 當你過馬路時要當心。 Pay attention to your eyes while you are reading. 讀書時要注意你的眼睛。 While/When I was in Shanghai，I made many friends. 我在上海期間結交了很多朋友。 ②when常表示一個動作發生時，另一個動作正在進行或已經完成。 It was raining when we arrived.我們到達時正在下雨。 When we got to the bus stop，the bus had left. 當我們到達汽車站時，汽車已經開走了。 ③when還可以表示“就在那時”，這時主句的動作通常是正在進行或正要進行的動作，這種用法是while所不能替代的。 I was just about to go out when the phone rang. 我正要出去，就在那時電話響了。 I was doing my homework when I heard someone knocking at the door.我正在做作業，這時聽見有人敲門。 (2)as的用法 ①表示“當……時” I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 當他下公共汽車時我看見了他。 As he grew older，he became less active. 當他長大一點兒的時候，他變得不那么活潑了。 ②as可接名詞，而when不能 As a young man，he was a lawyer. 他年輕時曾是一名律師。 ③表示“一邊……一邊……” The children sang songs as they went home. 孩子們一邊往家走一邊唱著歌。 (3)before的用法 ①(指時間)在……之前 I must finish my work before I go home. 我在回家以前必須把工作做完。 ②(表示動作持續時間長)意為“才……” They had walked eastward for a whole day before they found water.他們向東走了一整天才找到水。 ③(表示動作迅速)意為“還沒來得及……就……” He finished his speech before I could get across.

　　我還沒來得及聽懂，他就結束了他的演講。 ④用于以下句式 It wasn't/won't be long before...“不久就……” It wasn't long before the missing child was found. 不久就找到了那個走丟的孩子。 I think it won't be long before we meet again. 我想我們不久還會再見面的。 It will be/was...before...“過……才……” It will be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我們才能再見面。 It will be two years before he comes back. 兩年以后他才能回來。 (4)since的用法 表示“自……以后，從……以來” Where have you been since I last saw you? 自從上次我和你見面以后，你到哪里去了？ 2．常用句式。 (1)It is...since...(since引導的從句常用過去時)。 It is three years since he came here.他來這兒三年了。 (2)It was...since...(since引導的從句常用過去完成時)。 It was a long time since I had enjoyed a good drink. 我很久沒有這樣痛快地喝酒了。 3．表示“一……就……”的連詞。 (1)表示“一……就……”的連詞或短語有as soon as，immediately，directly，the moment(that)，the instant(that)，the minute(that)等。 I'll tell him the news as soon as he comes. 他一來我就告訴他這個消息。 Directly I had done it，I knew I had made a mistake. 我剛做完這件事，就知道我錯了。 I sent you the news the instant(that)I heard it. 我一聽到這消息便通知你了。 I'll give him your message the minute(that)he arrives. 等他一到，我就把你的口信告訴給他。 (2)no sooner...than和hardly/scarcely...when表示“剛一……就……”。此類句式中的主句常用過去完成時。若否定詞在句首，則用倒裝結構。 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. ＝No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我剛到家就下起雨來。 (二)原因狀語從句 　引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，because，since，now(that)，seeing(that)等。 (1)because，as，since和for表示原因的用法比較 ①because表示產生某結果的直接原因，語氣最強，引導的從句可放在句首或句末，放在句首時通常用逗號將從句與主句隔開。 Because he didn't study hard，he failed in the exam. 因為他沒有努力學習，所以考試失敗了。 ②as表示原因時，語氣不如because那么強，可譯為“因為、由于”，引導的從句常放在句首。 As he wasn't ready in time，we went without him. 因他未能及時準備好，我們沒有等他就去了。 ③since意為“因為、既然”，往往表示較明顯的原因，語氣比because弱，引導的從句常放在句首。 Since we have no money，we cannot buy it. 因為我們沒有錢，所以我們不能買這件東西。 ④for是并列連詞，語氣最弱，表示對前面分句加以解釋或表示推斷，引導的分句常放在句末，從句前要用逗號。 He must be sick，for he looks pale. 他一定是病了，因為他的臉色不好。 (2)now(that)既然；由于 Now(that)you'll grown up，you must stop this childish behaviour.你既然長大了，就必須停止這種幼稚的行為。 (3)seeing(that)因為；由于 Seeing that he is very old，he shouldn't be sent there. 由于他年紀太大了，所以不應被派到那里去。 (三)地點狀語從句 　引導地點狀語從句的從屬連詞有where和wherever(無論在哪里)。 I had a picture taken where there stands a tower. 我在有塔的地方拍了一張照片。 Wherever you go，you should know the customs of the local people.無論你走到哪里，你都應了解當地人的習俗。 (四)結果狀語從句 　引導結果狀語從句的從屬連詞有so，so that，so...that，such...that等。一般來說，so that引導的從句中若有may，might，can，could等情態動詞，就是目的狀語從句；若沒有情態動詞，就是結果狀語從句。 He got up early so that he could catch the train. 他起得很早以便能趕上火車。(目的狀語從句) He got up early，so that he caught the train. 他起得很早，因此趕上了火車。(結果狀語從句) (五)目的狀語從句 　引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有so that和in order that。 He started out early in order that he might arrive in time. 為了能及時到達他很早就出發了。 (六)比較狀語從句 　引導比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，than，as...as，not as/so...as等。as...as可用在肯定句和否定句中，而so...as多用在否定句中。 Tom is as tall as John.湯姆和約翰一樣高。 Tom is not as/so tall as John.湯姆沒有約翰高。 (七)方式狀語從句 　引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，as if，as though。 You should do as I told you.你應按照我告訴你的去做。 It looks as if it is going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。 (八)讓步狀語從句 　引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有though，although，even though，even if，no matter how，however，no matter what，whatever，no matter who，whoever，no matter which，whichever，whether...or，while(雖然)，as(盡管)等。 (1)whatever和no matter what的用法比較 whatever和no matter what都可引導讓步狀語從句。 Whatever/No matter what you say，I won't believe you. 無論你說什么，我都不會相信你的話。 但是，no matter...引導的從句不能做主語或賓語。而whatever可以引導主語從句或賓語從句。 You shall get whatever you want.你會得到你想要的一切。 Whatever you do should be good for our society. 你所做的一切都應有益于我們的社會。

　　(2)whatever和however的用法比較 whatever和however都可引導讓步狀語從句，whatever一般在從句中做定語、主語或賓語，而however后接形容詞或副詞，在從句中做狀語。 Whatever difficulties we meet，we'll never change our mind.無論我們遇到什么樣的困難，我們永遠都不會改變我們的主意。 Keep calm，whatever happens. 無論發生什么事都要保持冷靜。 You are certainly right，whatever others may say. 不論別人說什么，你確實是對的。 He'll never succeed，however hard he tries. 無論他如何努力嘗試，他都不會成功。

　　(3)as引導的讓步狀語從句 as引導讓步狀語從句時，可用倒裝結構：可以把表語提前，當表語是名詞時，名詞前應省略冠詞；也可把狀語或謂語動詞提前。 Old as he is，he still works hard. 盡管他年紀大了，但他仍努力工作。 Child as he is，he knows a lot. 盡管他是個孩子，他卻懂很多知識。 Much as I like it，I don't want to buy it now. 盡管我很喜歡這件東西，但我現在還不想買。 Try as he might，he wouldn't succeed. 盡管他可能會嘗試，但他不會成功。

　　(4)though和although的用法比較 ①在上述as引導的讓步狀語從句的倒裝句式中，也可用though，但不能用although。 Old though he is，he still works hard.(此句中不能用although) ②though還可做副詞，在句末單獨使用，表示“可是”、“居然”。 He said he would come；he didn't，though. 他說他會來，可是他并沒有來。 (5)even if和even though表示“即使、盡管” He might have helped you，even though he was very busy.盡管他很忙，他也可能會幫你。 Even if you have money，you will not buy everything. 即使你有錢，也未必什么都能買到。 (九) 條件狀語從句 　引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有if(如果)；unless(除非，如果不)；as/so long as(只要)；in case(如果，萬一)；supposing(that)(倘若，假定)；provided/providing(that)(假若，倘若)等。 You will succeed so/as long as you study hard. 只要你努力學習，你一定會成功。 Supposing it rains，what shall we do? 假如下雨，我們該怎么辦呢？ I will go providing/provided(that)my expenses are paid. 假如我的費用有人代付， 我就去。 In case I forget，please remind me of my promise. 萬一我忘記了，請提醒我別忘了我的諾言。 You'll fail in the exam unless you study hard/if you don't study hard.除非你努力學習，否則考試就會失敗。 一、連詞 連詞是一種虛詞，在句子中不能單獨作句子成分，也沒有詞形變化，用來連接詞與詞，短語和短語或句子與句子。 1．并列關系 并列連詞：用來連接句子中相同成分的詞、短語、或句子。 常見的連詞有：and

　　……和……，……以及……，both...and...既……又，not

　　only...but also...不但……而且，as well as

　　也， 又。 He can speak and write English very well. 他英語說得和寫得都非常好。 We are happy and gay.我們興高采烈。 Both my father and mother like singing. 我父母都喜歡唱歌。

　　2．轉折關系 常見的連詞有：but 但是，yet 然而，while而，however 可是，然而。 She can play the piano but not the violin. 她會彈鋼琴，但不會拉小提琴。 He isn't tall，yet he is strong.他個不高，但他很強壯。 3．選擇關系 常見的連詞有：or 或者，either...or...不是……就是……，or else 否則，otherwise否則……。 You must hurry ，or you'll be late. 你得趕快了，否則你會遲到的。 Put on your sweater，or else you will catch a cold.

　　穿上你的毛衣，否則你會感冒的。 4．因果關系 常見的連詞有：for，so, therefore等。 It must have rained last night，for the road is wet. 昨晚一定是下雨了，因為路上是濕的。 The headmaster called me just now, so I must go to the office at once. 校長剛才給我打電話，因此我必須馬上去辦公室。 5．從屬關系 常見的連詞有：that，whether/if，who，whom，whose, what, which，whoever，whatever，whichever, when，where，how，after，before，as，as soon as，while，till，since等。 I am sure that you're certain to win. 我相信你們一定獲勝。 He asked me if I could help him.他問我是否能幫助他。 The train had left when I got to the station. 當我到達車站時，火車已經開走了。 二、狀語從句 在主從復合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞、副詞等的從句叫狀語從句，一般可分為時間狀語從句，原因狀語從句，地點狀語從句，結果狀語從句，目的狀語從句，比較狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句和條件狀語從句。 (一)時間狀語從句 1．引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞 主要有when，while，as，after，before，since，till/until，once，as soon as，the moment/the minute/the instant，immediately，directly，hardly/scarcely...when，no sooner...than等。 (1)when和while的比較 ①when(當……時)通常表示時間的一點，有時也可表示時間的一段；while通常指時間的一段。 Be careful when you cross the road. 當你過馬路時要當心。 Pay attention to your eyes while you are reading. 讀書時要注意你的眼睛。 While/When I was in Shanghai，I made many friends. 我在上海期間結交了很多朋友。 ②when常表示一個動作發生時，另一個動作正在進行或已經完成。 It was raining when we arrived.我們到達時正在下雨。 When we got to the bus stop，the bus had left. 當我們到達汽車站時，汽車已經開走了。 ③when還可以表示“就在那時”，這時主句的動作通常是正在進行或正要進行的動作，這種用法是while所不能替代的。 I was just about to go out when the phone rang. 我正要出去，就在那時電話響了。 I was doing my homework when I heard someone knocking at the door.我正在做作業，這時聽見有人敲門。 (2)as的用法 ①表示“當……時” I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 當他下公共汽車時我看見了他。 As he grew older，he became less active. 當他長大一點兒的時候，他變得不那么活潑了。 ②as可接名詞，而when不能 As a young man，he was a lawyer. 他年輕時曾是一名律師。 ③表示“一邊……一邊……” The children sang songs as they went home. 孩子們一邊往家走一邊唱著歌。 (3)before的用法 ①(指時間)在……之前 I must finish my work before I go home. 我在回家以前必須把工作做完。 ②(表示動作持續時間長)意為“才……” They had walked eastward for a whole day before they found water.他們向東走了一整天才找到水。 ③(表示動作迅速)意為“還沒來得及……就……” He finished his speech before I could get across.

　　我還沒來得及聽懂，他就結束了他的演講。 ④用于以下句式 It wasn't/won't be long before...“不久就……” It wasn't long before the missing child was found. 不久就找到了那個走丟的孩子。 I think it won't be long before we meet again. 我想我們不久還會再見面的。 It will be/was...before...“過……才……” It will be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我們才能再見面。 It will be two years before he comes back. 兩年以后他才能回來。 (4)since的用法 表示“自……以后，從……以來” Where have you been since I last saw you? 自從上次我和你見面以后，你到哪里去了？ 2．常用句式。 (1)It is...since...(since引導的從句常用過去時)。 It is three years since he came here.他來這兒三年了。 (2)It was...since...(since引導的從句常用過去完成時)。 It was a long time since I had enjoyed a good drink. 我很久沒有這樣痛快地喝酒了。 3．表示“一……就……”的連詞。 (1)表示“一……就……”的連詞或短語有as soon as，immediately，directly，the moment(that)，the instant(that)，the minute(that)等。 I'll tell him the news as soon as he comes. 他一來我就告訴他這個消息。 Directly I had done it，I knew I had made a mistake. 我剛做完這件事，就知道我錯了。 I sent you the news the instant(that)I heard it. 我一聽到這消息便通知你了。 I'll give him your message the minute(that)he arrives. 等他一到，我就把你的口信告訴給他。 (2)no sooner...than和hardly/scarcely...when表示“剛一……就……”。此類句式中的主句常用過去完成時。若否定詞在句首，則用倒裝結構。 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. ＝No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我剛到家就下起雨來。 (二)原因狀語從句 　引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，because，since，now(that)，seeing(that)等。 (1)because，as，since和for表示原因的用法比較 ①because表示產生某結果的直接原因，語氣最強，引導的從句可放在句首或句末，放在句首時通常用逗號將從句與主句隔開。 Because he didn't study hard，he failed in the exam. 因為他沒有努力學習，所以考試失敗了。 ②as表示原因時，語氣不如because那么強，可譯為“因為、由于”，引導的從句常放在句首。 As he wasn't ready in time，we went without him. 因他未能及時準備好，我們沒有等他就去了。 ③since意為“因為、既然”，往往表示較明顯的原因，語氣比because弱，引導的從句常放在句首。 Since we have no money，we cannot buy it. 因為我們沒有錢，所以我們不能買這件東西。 ④for是并列連詞，語氣最弱，表示對前面分句加以解釋或表示推斷，引導的分句常放在句末，從句前要用逗號。 He must be sick，for he looks pale. 他一定是病了，因為他的臉色不好。 (2)now(that)既然；由于 Now(that)you'll grown up，you must stop this childish behaviour.你既然長大了，就必須停止這種幼稚的行為。 (3)seeing(that)因為；由于 Seeing that he is very old，he shouldn't be sent there. 由于他年紀太大了，所以不應被派到那里去。 (三)地點狀語從句 　引導地點狀語從句的從屬連詞有where和wherever(無論在哪里)。 I had a picture taken where there stands a tower. 我在有塔的地方拍了一張照片。 Wherever you go，you should know the customs of the local people.無論你走到哪里，你都應了解當地人的習俗。 (四)結果狀語從句 　引導結果狀語從句的從屬連詞有so，so that，so...that，such...that等。一般來說，so that引導的從句中若有may，might，can，could等情態動詞，就是目的狀語從句；若沒有情態動詞，就是結果狀語從句。 He got up early so that he could catch the train. 他起得很早以便能趕上火車。(目的狀語從句) He got up early，so that he caught the train. 他起得很早，因此趕上了火車。(結果狀語從句) (五)目的狀語從句 　引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有so that和in order that。 He started out early in order that he might arrive in time. 為了能及時到達他很早就出發了。 (六)比較狀語從句 　引導比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，than，as...as，not as/so...as等。as...as可用在肯定句和否定句中，而so...as多用在否定句中。 Tom is as tall as John.湯姆和約翰一樣高。 Tom is not as/so tall as John.湯姆沒有約翰高。 (七)方式狀語從句 　引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，as if，as though。 You should do as I told you.你應按照我告訴你的去做。 It looks as if it is going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。 (八)讓步狀語從句 　引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有though，although，even though，even if，no matter how，however，no matter what，whatever，no matter who，whoever，no matter which，whichever，whether...or，while(雖然)，as(盡管)等。 (1)whatever和no matter what的用法比較 whatever和no matter what都可引導讓步狀語從句。 Whatever/No matter what you say，I won't believe you. 無論你說什么，我都不會相信你的話。 但是，no matter...引導的從句不能做主語或賓語。而whatever可以引導主語從句或賓語從句。 You shall get whatever you want.你會得到你想要的一切。 Whatever you do should be good for our society. 你所做的一切都應有益于我們的社會。