醫學寫作形狀與特征表示法
要求：學會人體器官、血液和細菌的形狀和特征的描述。
本章要點：
1.表示形狀的句型：
1)名詞+be+shaped like +名詞
表示某器官或物體的形狀象，或呈形。
例：The heart is shaped like a cone. 心臟呈圓錐形。
2)名詞+be +名詞-shaped + 名詞
表示某個器官或物體是個形狀的器官(或物體)。
例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ. 膈是一個圓頂狀的器官。
3)名詞+be+a(n)+形容詞+organ
也表示某器官或某物體是形狀的器官或物體。
例：The small intestine is a long, tubular organ. 小腸是長管形器官。
2.表示特征的句型：
名詞+be+形容詞
表示某器官或某物體具有特征(或作用)。
例：Monocytes are phagocytic. 單核細胞具有吞噬作用。
Some tissues are elastic. 一些組織具有彈性。
3.用于比較和對照的連接詞：
1)bothand
例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible. 紅細胞和白細胞都具有伸縮性。
2)neithernor
例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive. 紅細胞和白細胞沒有粘著性。
3)but; whereas
例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not. 血小板具有粘著性而紅細胞則沒有。
4)however; on the other hand
例：Leucocytes are phagocytic, erythrocytes, however/on the other hand, are not. 白細胞具有吞噬作用，而紅細胞則沒有。
4.用于進一步說明同一事物的短語及略語：
In other words; i.e.
例： Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls, in other words, capillaries are permeable. 有些細胞和分子能通過毛細血管壁，換句話說，毛細血管具有通透性。
Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch, i.e. they are flexible and elastic. 動脈是長管形血管，能彎曲，能伸展，也就是說，既柔韌又有彈性。
5.用于例證的短語和略語：
for example; e.g.
例： The white cells include a number of various types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei which are irregular in shape. 白細胞包括許多類型，如，某些白細胞具有不規則的核。
The gonococcus and meningococcus, for example, are coffee-bean shaped. 例如，淋球菌和腦膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。
6.用于表述事物名稱的短語：
be called; be known as
例：The red cells, which are called erythrocytes, are rather small and have no nuclei. 紅細胞，也叫做紅血球，很小而無核。
The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli. 圓柱形細菌被稱為桿菌。
要求：學會人體器官、血液和細菌的形狀和特征的描述。
本章要點：
1.表示形狀的句型：
1)名詞+be+shaped like +名詞
表示某器官或物體的形狀象，或呈形。
例：The heart is shaped like a cone. 心臟呈圓錐形。
2)名詞+be +名詞-shaped + 名詞
表示某個器官或物體是個形狀的器官(或物體)。
例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ. 膈是一個圓頂狀的器官。
3)名詞+be+a(n)+形容詞+organ
也表示某器官或某物體是形狀的器官或物體。
例：The small intestine is a long, tubular organ. 小腸是長管形器官。
2.表示特征的句型：
名詞+be+形容詞
表示某器官或某物體具有特征(或作用)。
例：Monocytes are phagocytic. 單核細胞具有吞噬作用。
Some tissues are elastic. 一些組織具有彈性。
3.用于比較和對照的連接詞：
1)bothand
例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible. 紅細胞和白細胞都具有伸縮性。
2)neithernor
例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive. 紅細胞和白細胞沒有粘著性。
3)but; whereas
例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not. 血小板具有粘著性而紅細胞則沒有。
4)however; on the other hand
例：Leucocytes are phagocytic, erythrocytes, however/on the other hand, are not. 白細胞具有吞噬作用，而紅細胞則沒有。
4.用于進一步說明同一事物的短語及略語：
In other words; i.e.
例： Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls, in other words, capillaries are permeable. 有些細胞和分子能通過毛細血管壁，換句話說，毛細血管具有通透性。
Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch, i.e. they are flexible and elastic. 動脈是長管形血管，能彎曲，能伸展，也就是說，既柔韌又有彈性。
5.用于例證的短語和略語：
for example; e.g.
例： The white cells include a number of various types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei which are irregular in shape. 白細胞包括許多類型，如，某些白細胞具有不規則的核。
The gonococcus and meningococcus, for example, are coffee-bean shaped. 例如，淋球菌和腦膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。
6.用于表述事物名稱的短語：
be called; be known as
例：The red cells, which are called erythrocytes, are rather small and have no nuclei. 紅細胞，也叫做紅血球，很小而無核。
The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli. 圓柱形細菌被稱為桿菌。
