英語四級篇章詞匯備考的策略
語篇的銜接
分析語篇的銜接手段有助于我們準確把握文章的結構,加強對語篇連貫性、一致性和邏輯聯系的理解和認識,從而透徹理解全篇內容。語篇的銜接手段分析如下:
1.語法手段
照應:指使話語中某一實體的所指在文本中得以確定的語義關系。它是一些起信號作用的詞匯,其語義必須從該詞語所指的對象中尋找答案。
照應分為人稱照應、指示照應和比較照應。比較照應通過形容詞和副詞的比較級等形式以及其他一些有比較意義的詞語表示照應關系。
替代:通過用某一詞替代前面句中出現的名詞、動詞或小句來實現的銜接關系。替代有名詞替代、動詞替代和小句替代。
省略:指把語篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在語義上建立一種相互依賴關系,使語篇緊湊,被省略的成分能從上下文中找到。省略可分為名詞省略、動詞省略和小句省略。
連接:指連接成分憑借其自身的意義使語篇建立句子間的語義聯系。Halliday和Hasan把連接分為添加、轉折、因果和時間。
2.詞匯手段
指語篇中使用一些相互之間存在意義聯系的詞語,從而建立一個貫穿語篇的語義鏈,保證語篇的連貫性。詞匯手段分為重復、同義/反義、上下義和詞匯搭配。此處的搭配指一般意義上句子中同一結構內的詞語搭配,習慣性共現類型的搭配。
Passage 12
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in points, which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
compare
responsible
useful
added
find
reference
indirect
method
successful
combined
Necessarily
capacity
ability
Basically
adopt
Answers:
1.選B)。此處應填形容詞。原文意思為會計部門...計算報酬,選項中的形容詞responsible負責任的,useful有用的,indirect間接的,successful成功的,其中indirect不能與for連用,排除;剩余幾項中只有B)responsible意義符合原句,其他均不符合,故排除。
2.選O)。此處應填動詞原形。本文主題就是采用一種新的工資和薪水制度時需要注意的問題,選項中的動詞原形有compare比較,find找到,adopt采納,分別帶入原文,只有adopt最符合原文意思,故選O).
3.選H)。此處應填名詞。從原文看,and連接并列結構,所以要填的詞應與and后面的ways意思一致,選項中的名詞只有mathod = ways,故選H)method。
4.選I)。此處應填形容詞。上文說新的工資制度需要一套決定工作評估和衡量雇員表現的方法,說的是制度是否有用的問題。這句說的時新的工資制度執(zhí)行過程中的問題,勞資雙方先期達成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要條件。形容詞useful和successful,I)seccessful更符合原文意思。
5.選D)。此處應填動詞。這個動詞的賓語是point分值,把分值...起來to give a total value得出總分值,選項中有added和combined,前者指把...相加,后者意為把...結合在一起,原文指將分值相加得出總分,故D)added最符合文意。
6.選M)。此處應填名詞。首先solve problem解決問題是經理們應具備的能力,選項中的capacity與ability都可以表示能力前者強調的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力,而后者強調實際應用的能力,故不難判斷解決問題的能力應該用M)ability。
7.選F)。此處應填名詞。前半句指出因為管理工作很難評估,經理的工作得分不需要參照基于分值的評估系統決定。without reference to為固定搭配,意思是與...無關。故選F)reference。
8.選A)。此處應填動詞原形。原句中出現了the value of each job每種工作的價值和these in the job market工作市場上的,說明人事部門通過比較兩種價值來計算工資制度。選項中只有compare表示比較,所以A)正確。
9.選K)。此處應填副詞,修飾整句話。報酬要隨工作表現各方面的不同而有所改變,選項中Necessarily必須地與Basically基本地為副詞,分別帶入原文,報酬...的變化是必須的更符合上下文意思,故排除N),選K)。
10.選G)。此處應填形容詞。前文中提到一種情況即simple to measure the work done易于評估的工作,通常用現金獎勵辦法;而...measurement is difficult難于評估的,說明這些工作人員的工作不像手工工作那么直接,因而是間接的,故選項中只有G)indirect符合原句的意思。
語篇的銜接
分析語篇的銜接手段有助于我們準確把握文章的結構,加強對語篇連貫性、一致性和邏輯聯系的理解和認識,從而透徹理解全篇內容。語篇的銜接手段分析如下:
1.語法手段
照應:指使話語中某一實體的所指在文本中得以確定的語義關系。它是一些起信號作用的詞匯,其語義必須從該詞語所指的對象中尋找答案。
照應分為人稱照應、指示照應和比較照應。比較照應通過形容詞和副詞的比較級等形式以及其他一些有比較意義的詞語表示照應關系。
替代:通過用某一詞替代前面句中出現的名詞、動詞或小句來實現的銜接關系。替代有名詞替代、動詞替代和小句替代。
省略:指把語篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在語義上建立一種相互依賴關系,使語篇緊湊,被省略的成分能從上下文中找到。省略可分為名詞省略、動詞省略和小句省略。
連接:指連接成分憑借其自身的意義使語篇建立句子間的語義聯系。Halliday和Hasan把連接分為添加、轉折、因果和時間。
2.詞匯手段
指語篇中使用一些相互之間存在意義聯系的詞語,從而建立一個貫穿語篇的語義鏈,保證語篇的連貫性。詞匯手段分為重復、同義/反義、上下義和詞匯搭配。此處的搭配指一般意義上句子中同一結構內的詞語搭配,習慣性共現類型的搭配。
Passage 12
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in points, which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
compare
responsible
useful
added
find
reference
indirect
method
successful
combined
Necessarily
capacity
ability
Basically
adopt
Answers:
1.選B)。此處應填形容詞。原文意思為會計部門...計算報酬,選項中的形容詞responsible負責任的,useful有用的,indirect間接的,successful成功的,其中indirect不能與for連用,排除;剩余幾項中只有B)responsible意義符合原句,其他均不符合,故排除。
2.選O)。此處應填動詞原形。本文主題就是采用一種新的工資和薪水制度時需要注意的問題,選項中的動詞原形有compare比較,find找到,adopt采納,分別帶入原文,只有adopt最符合原文意思,故選O).
3.選H)。此處應填名詞。從原文看,and連接并列結構,所以要填的詞應與and后面的ways意思一致,選項中的名詞只有mathod = ways,故選H)method。
4.選I)。此處應填形容詞。上文說新的工資制度需要一套決定工作評估和衡量雇員表現的方法,說的是制度是否有用的問題。這句說的時新的工資制度執(zhí)行過程中的問題,勞資雙方先期達成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要條件。形容詞useful和successful,I)seccessful更符合原文意思。
5.選D)。此處應填動詞。這個動詞的賓語是point分值,把分值...起來to give a total value得出總分值,選項中有added和combined,前者指把...相加,后者意為把...結合在一起,原文指將分值相加得出總分,故D)added最符合文意。
6.選M)。此處應填名詞。首先solve problem解決問題是經理們應具備的能力,選項中的capacity與ability都可以表示能力前者強調的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力,而后者強調實際應用的能力,故不難判斷解決問題的能力應該用M)ability。
7.選F)。此處應填名詞。前半句指出因為管理工作很難評估,經理的工作得分不需要參照基于分值的評估系統決定。without reference to為固定搭配,意思是與...無關。故選F)reference。
8.選A)。此處應填動詞原形。原句中出現了the value of each job每種工作的價值和these in the job market工作市場上的,說明人事部門通過比較兩種價值來計算工資制度。選項中只有compare表示比較,所以A)正確。
9.選K)。此處應填副詞,修飾整句話。報酬要隨工作表現各方面的不同而有所改變,選項中Necessarily必須地與Basically基本地為副詞,分別帶入原文,報酬...的變化是必須的更符合上下文意思,故排除N),選K)。
10.選G)。此處應填形容詞。前文中提到一種情況即simple to measure the work done易于評估的工作,通常用現金獎勵辦法;而...measurement is difficult難于評估的,說明這些工作人員的工作不像手工工作那么直接,因而是間接的,故選項中只有G)indirect符合原句的意思。