考研英語閱讀綜合輔導之醫學類02
閱讀綜合輔導 [醫學類] 題目序號 題型歸類 第1題 審題定位題型 第2題 細節推導題型 第3題 句間關系題型 第4題 細節推導題型 第5題 詞匯題型 The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such asimpairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from thelack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthypancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releasessmall quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains theconcentration within physiological limits . But the diabeticgenerally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetics bloodglucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval betweendoses, and it has been suggested that the complication result from the periodsof high concentrations of blood glucose . Many investigatorsthus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression ofsuch complications and perhaps even reverse them. There are three primary techniques that have been investigated forrestoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthypancreases; transplantation of islets of Langerthan, that portion of thepancreas that actually secretes insulin, and implantation of artificialpancreases. There has, in fact been a great deal of success in the developmentof these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, itwill undoubtedly be many years before any one of them is accepted as atreatment for diabetes. To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply totransplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and otherorgans are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when thefirst recorded pancreas was performed. Between 1960 and 1975, there wereforty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the UnitedStates and five other countries. But only one of these patients is still alivewith a functioning graft and surgeons have found that the procedure is notsimple as they once thought. The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation.Another patient survived 638 days without requiring insulin. And one patientsurvived a transplantation for more than a year, but died when he chose not totake immunosuppressive drugs. These results, though meager, suggest that theprocedure has the potential for success. The rest of the patients, however, either rejected the transplant ordied within a short period. There does not appear to be any technical problemwith the procedure. Rather, most of the patients were already so severelydebilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand thesurgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection. Morethan half of the patients, furthermore, also required a kidney transplant. Mostinvestigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs istoo great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk. 1.Which of the following best states one of the main conclusions ofthe text? [A] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants appear to betheoretically correct, there are problems that must be solved before theoperation can be used as a treatment for diabetes. [B] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still beingdeveloped, the experimental results show that the operation will be a successfultreatment for diabetes in the near future. [C] Although pancreas transplants are reliable, many diabetics arereluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects ofimmunosuppressive drugs. [D] Although pancreas transplants alone are not generallysuccessful, the operation can be used in conjunction with other procedures totreat diabetes. 2.According to the text, widely spaced doses of insulin can cause [A] reversal of normal kidney function. [B] delay in the onset of diabetes. [C] radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose. [D] restoration of normoglycemia. 3.According to the text, a periodic high concentration of bloodglucose in diabetics is a possible cause of [A] deterioration of the pancreas. [B] damage to the eyes and kidneys. [C] rejection of transplanted organs. [D] inadequate secretion of insulin. 4.It can be inferred from the text that one of the importantcontributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the [A] reluctance of patients to cooperate with physicians. [B] imperfect techniques used in the operation. [C] scarcity of immunosuppressive drugs. [D] weakened condition of the patients. 5.The text suggests that the author considers the data concerningthe success of pancreas transplants to be [A] invalid. [B] indirect. [C] inaccurate. [D] insufficient. [答案與考點解析] 1.【答案】A 【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。本題的題干比較奇怪，沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文中的確切位置。在大多數情況下，考生會迷失解題思路。我們一再重申：考生在迷失解題思路時一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句，以及各段的主題句。本文的中心主旨句是第二段的尾句，本題的正確選項A恰恰是來自于本句。這再次說明我們在迷失解題思路時應該首先想到全文的中心主旨句或每段的主題句。 2.【答案】C 【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。通過本題題干中的widely spaced doses of insulin可將本題的答案信息來源確定在首段的第三、四句。因為這兩句話提到了doses of insulin。通過仔細閱讀和理解第三、四句，就可推導出本題的正確選項C。考生在解題時一定要善于理解和把握題干和原文所進行的同義詞替換。 3.【答案】B 【考點解析】這是一道句間關系題。通過題干中的periodic high concentration可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第一段的第四句。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四句，尤其是把第四句中的complication和第一句中的complications進行連貫的理解，就可推導出本題的正確選項B。考生在解題時要善于發現和理解句子之間的關系。 4.【答案】D 【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。通過題干中的failure一詞可推斷本題的正確答案信息在倒數第二段尾句的前后，因為該句所談論的中心話題是success。又根據題干中的most一詞將本題的答案信息確定在尾段的第三句，因為該句中含有most一詞。通過閱讀和理解尾段第三句，可推導出本題的正確答案是D。考生在解題時要注意靈活理解題干和原文所表達的內容，千萬不能生硬地進行理解。 5.【答案】D 【考點解析】本文是一道詞匯理解題。本題題干中的success將本題的答案信息來源確定在倒數第二段的尾句。該句中的meager（不足的，貧乏的）暗示本題的正確選項是D。考生在解題時一定要對關鍵詞加以重視并進行合理的推斷。 [參考譯文] 通常與糖尿病相伴的并發癥，如視力和腎功能的損害，現在被認為是由于無法連續控制血液中的葡萄糖濃度所導致的。健康的胰臟，在血糖濃度增加時，會在整個白天不斷地釋放出少量的胰島素，從而使血糖濃度維持在生理限度之內（正常血糖量）。但是糖尿病患者一般是每天得到一次大劑量胰島素的注射。這樣在兩次注射之間，糖尿病患者的血糖濃度會發生很大波動，而且目前已被指出，并發癥可能就是源于這些高血糖濃度時期（高血糖）。因此，許多研究人員相信，恢復正常的血糖濃度或許能阻止這些并發癥的發展，并進而可能減輕并發癥。 為了恢復正常的血糖濃度，已對三種主要的技術進行了研究。它們分別是：健康胰臟的整個移植；胰島部分的移植，胰島是胰腺中實際分泌胰島素的部分；以及人造腺的移植。事實上，這些技術的發展都獲得了成功，而且從整體上講，每種技術都大有希望。然而，毫無疑問地，在任何一種技術被接受用作糖尿病患者的治療手段之前，還會有很多年的時間。 對多數人而言，顯而易見的方法看來可能是從尸體中移植胰腺，就象移植腎臟和其它器官那樣。這便是1966年第一例胰腺移植手術的理論基礎。在1966年至1975年間，在美國和另外五個國家，共有45名其它病人進行了46例胰腺移植手術。但目前，只有其中一個病人尚在人世，而且移植的胰腺功能健全。因此，手術醫生們發現，手術過程并不像他們先前想象的那么簡單。 幸存的病人從那次手術之后不再需要注射胰島素。另一個病人在不需要注射胰島素的情況下活了638天。還有一名病人在移植之后存活了一年，但他決定不服用免疫藥物之后就死去了。這些結果，盡管為數不多，可也表明了手術過程有潛在成功的可能。 然而，其余的病人或者出現排異反應，或者在很短一段時期后死去。在手術過程中，看起來是不存在任何技術問題的。不過，大多數的病人都由于糖尿病的并發病已經很衰弱，以至于無法經受手術和為防止排異反應所需的免疫抑制療程。另外，一大半病人還需要進行腎臟移植。目前，多數研究人員都認為同時移植兩個器官對病人自身系統影響太大，而且極大地增加了整體的風險。
閱讀綜合輔導 [醫學類] 題目序號 題型歸類 第1題 審題定位題型 第2題 細節推導題型 第3題 句間關系題型 第4題 細節推導題型 第5題 詞匯題型 The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such asimpairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from thelack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthypancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releasessmall quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains theconcentration within physiological limits . But the diabeticgenerally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetics bloodglucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval betweendoses, and it has been suggested that the complication result from the periodsof high concentrations of blood glucose . Many investigatorsthus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression ofsuch complications and perhaps even reverse them. There are three primary techniques that have been investigated forrestoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthypancreases; transplantation of islets of Langerthan, that portion of thepancreas that actually secretes insulin, and implantation of artificialpancreases. There has, in fact been a great deal of success in the developmentof these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, itwill undoubtedly be many years before any one of them is accepted as atreatment for diabetes. To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply totransplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and otherorgans are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when thefirst recorded pancreas was performed. Between 1960 and 1975, there wereforty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the UnitedStates and five other countries. But only one of these patients is still alivewith a functioning graft and surgeons have found that the procedure is notsimple as they once thought. The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation.Another patient survived 638 days without requiring insulin. And one patientsurvived a transplantation for more than a year, but died when he chose not totake immunosuppressive drugs. These results, though meager, suggest that theprocedure has the potential for success. The rest of the patients, however, either rejected the transplant ordied within a short period. There does not appear to be any technical problemwith the procedure. Rather, most of the patients were already so severelydebilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand thesurgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection. Morethan half of the patients, furthermore, also required a kidney transplant. Mostinvestigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs istoo great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk. 1.Which of the following best states one of the main conclusions ofthe text? [A] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants appear to betheoretically correct, there are problems that must be solved before theoperation can be used as a treatment for diabetes. [B] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still beingdeveloped, the experimental results show that the operation will be a successfultreatment for diabetes in the near future. [C] Although pancreas transplants are reliable, many diabetics arereluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects ofimmunosuppressive drugs. [D] Although pancreas transplants alone are not generallysuccessful, the operation can be used in conjunction with other procedures totreat diabetes. 2.According to the text, widely spaced doses of insulin can cause [A] reversal of normal kidney function. [B] delay in the onset of diabetes. [C] radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose. [D] restoration of normoglycemia. 3.According to the text, a periodic high concentration of bloodglucose in diabetics is a possible cause of [A] deterioration of the pancreas. [B] damage to the eyes and kidneys. [C] rejection of transplanted organs. [D] inadequate secretion of insulin. 4.It can be inferred from the text that one of the importantcontributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the [A] reluctance of patients to cooperate with physicians. [B] imperfect techniques used in the operation. [C] scarcity of immunosuppressive drugs. [D] weakened condition of the patients. 5.The text suggests that the author considers the data concerningthe success of pancreas transplants to be [A] invalid. [B] indirect. [C] inaccurate. [D] insufficient. [答案與考點解析] 1.【答案】A 【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。本題的題干比較奇怪，沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文中的確切位置。在大多數情況下，考生會迷失解題思路。我們一再重申：考生在迷失解題思路時一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句，以及各段的主題句。本文的中心主旨句是第二段的尾句，本題的正確選項A恰恰是來自于本句。這再次說明我們在迷失解題思路時應該首先想到全文的中心主旨句或每段的主題句。 2.【答案】C 【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。通過本題題干中的widely spaced doses of insulin可將本題的答案信息來源確定在首段的第三、四句。因為這兩句話提到了doses of insulin。通過仔細閱讀和理解第三、四句，就可推導出本題的正確選項C。考生在解題時一定要善于理解和把握題干和原文所進行的同義詞替換。 3.【答案】B 【考點解析】這是一道句間關系題。通過題干中的periodic high concentration可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第一段的第四句。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四句，尤其是把第四句中的complication和第一句中的complications進行連貫的理解，就可推導出本題的正確選項B。考生在解題時要善于發現和理解句子之間的關系。 4.【答案】D 【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。通過題干中的failure一詞可推斷本題的正確答案信息在倒數第二段尾句的前后，因為該句所談論的中心話題是success。又根據題干中的most一詞將本題的答案信息確定在尾段的第三句，因為該句中含有most一詞。通過閱讀和理解尾段第三句，可推導出本題的正確答案是D。考生在解題時要注意靈活理解題干和原文所表達的內容，千萬不能生硬地進行理解。 5.【答案】D 【考點解析】本文是一道詞匯理解題。本題題干中的success將本題的答案信息來源確定在倒數第二段的尾句。該句中的meager（不足的，貧乏的）暗示本題的正確選項是D。考生在解題時一定要對關鍵詞加以重視并進行合理的推斷。 [參考譯文] 通常與糖尿病相伴的并發癥，如視力和腎功能的損害，現在被認為是由于無法連續控制血液中的葡萄糖濃度所導致的。健康的胰臟，在血糖濃度增加時，會在整個白天不斷地釋放出少量的胰島素，從而使血糖濃度維持在生理限度之內（正常血糖量）。但是糖尿病患者一般是每天得到一次大劑量胰島素的注射。這樣在兩次注射之間，糖尿病患者的血糖濃度會發生很大波動，而且目前已被指出，并發癥可能就是源于這些高血糖濃度時期（高血糖）。因此，許多研究人員相信，恢復正常的血糖濃度或許能阻止這些并發癥的發展，并進而可能減輕并發癥。 為了恢復正常的血糖濃度，已對三種主要的技術進行了研究。它們分別是：健康胰臟的整個移植；胰島部分的移植，胰島是胰腺中實際分泌胰島素的部分；以及人造腺的移植。事實上，這些技術的發展都獲得了成功，而且從整體上講，每種技術都大有希望。然而，毫無疑問地，在任何一種技術被接受用作糖尿病患者的治療手段之前，還會有很多年的時間。 對多數人而言，顯而易見的方法看來可能是從尸體中移植胰腺，就象移植腎臟和其它器官那樣。這便是1966年第一例胰腺移植手術的理論基礎。在1966年至1975年間，在美國和另外五個國家，共有45名其它病人進行了46例胰腺移植手術。但目前，只有其中一個病人尚在人世，而且移植的胰腺功能健全。因此，手術醫生們發現，手術過程并不像他們先前想象的那么簡單。 幸存的病人從那次手術之后不再需要注射胰島素。另一個病人在不需要注射胰島素的情況下活了638天。還有一名病人在移植之后存活了一年，但他決定不服用免疫藥物之后就死去了。這些結果，盡管為數不多，可也表明了手術過程有潛在成功的可能。 然而，其余的病人或者出現排異反應，或者在很短一段時期后死去。在手術過程中，看起來是不存在任何技術問題的。不過，大多數的病人都由于糖尿病的并發病已經很衰弱，以至于無法經受手術和為防止排異反應所需的免疫抑制療程。另外，一大半病人還需要進行腎臟移植。目前，多數研究人員都認為同時移植兩個器官對病人自身系統影響太大，而且極大地增加了整體的風險。
