職稱英語常考語法考點解析之被動語態
職稱英語常考語法考點解析之被動語態
語態是動詞的一種形式,它表示主語和謂語的關系.語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態.如果主語是動作的執行者,或者是說動作是由主語完成的,要用主動語態;如果主語是動作的承受者,或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的,則用被動語態.
一、被動語態考點聚焦
(一)被動語態的概念:
不知道或沒必要提到動作的執行者是誰時用被動語態.強調或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(by短語有時可以省略).
(二)被動語態的構成方式:
be + 過去分詞,口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示.
(三)被動語態的基本用法:
(1)使用被動語態時應注意的幾個問題.
①主動變化被動時雙賓語的變化.看下列例句.
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主動變被動時,賓補成主補(位置不變);(作補語的)不定式前需加to.
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短語動詞變被動語態時,勿要掉尾巴.
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情態動詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結構變被動語態, 只需將它們后面的動詞原形變為be +過去分詞.
⑤當句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時,被動語態有兩種形式:(A)謂語動詞用被動語態,動詞不定式作主補.(B)用it作形式主語,真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示.如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that
(2)不能用被動語態的幾種情況.
①所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態之中.
②表示狀態的謂語動詞,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等.
③表示歸屬的動詞,如have、own、belong to等.
④表示希望、意圖的動詞,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等.
⑤賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態,不能用被動語態.
⑥賓語是同源賓語,不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態.
⑦有些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義,特別是當主語是物時,常見的動詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等.
(3)主動形式表被動意義.
①當feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時;當cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時;當動詞表示開始、結束、關、停、轉、啟動等意義時.
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗.
These novels wont sell well.這些小說不暢銷.
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢.
The door wont lock.門鎖不上.
The fish smells good.魚聞起來香.
②當break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動詞表示發生、關閉、制定等意思時.
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義.
④be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義.
⑤在be + 形容詞 + to do中,不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語,用主動代被動.
This kind of water isnt fit to drink.
The girl isnt easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame(受譴責),be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動.
(4)被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況.
①be seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上.
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后.
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被動語態與系表結構的區別
被動語態強調動作;系表結構表主語的特點或狀態.如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態)
The book is well sold.(系表結構)
二、精典名題導解
1. Do you like the material? Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
【解析】此題正確答案為C,因為 feel 在此為連系動詞,而連系動詞均為不及物動詞,不能用于被動語態,盡管有時其漢語意思有被動意味.
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didnt satisfy B. to, didnt satisfy
C. at, wasnt satisfied D. to, wasnt satisfied
【解析】最佳答案為C. be angry at (about) sth 意為對某事生氣,許多同學常按漢語意思將其中的介詞 at (about) 換成 to,這是錯誤的.另外,許多同學將漢語的不滿意直譯為 not satisfy,這是是不對的,因為,satisfy在現代英語中只用作及物動詞,其意不是滿意而是使(人)滿意,所以其后不能沒有賓語,除非本身是被動語態(或是系表結構).
3. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to
【解析】事實上,正確答案為A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物動詞:用作及物動詞時,其意為為做廣告、登廣告宣傳;用作不及物動詞時,其意為做廣告、登廣告,此時通常后接介詞 for,表示做廣告征求.比較:
advertise for sth (sb) 登廣告征求或尋找某物或某人 (此時 advertise 不及物)
advertise sth 為登廣告,登廣告宣傳(此時 advertise 是及物動詞,其后要直接跟被宣傳的東西作賓語)
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人們為要賣的東西登廣告.
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書.
再比較以下用例:
advertise jobs 登廣告招人
advertise for jobs 登廣告求職
4. I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time. But does your mother _____ you to go?
A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise
【解析】最佳答案為C. 不能選A是因為 let 后用作賓語補足語的不定式不能帶 to;不能選B是因為動詞 agree 習慣上不用于 agree sb to do sth 這一句式;不能選D是因為在 promise sb to do sth 這一句式中,to do sth 的邏輯主語是 promise 的主語而不其是賓語,比如 He promised me to go 的意思是他答應我,他去,而不是他答應我讓我去.之所以能選C,是因為 allow sb to do sth(允許某人做某事)與上文語境剛好吻合.
5. Do your parents agree to your doing that? Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.
A. hope B. suggest C. support D. encourage
【解析】此題的正解答案是D. 因為在以上四個選項中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的復合結構作賓語,即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的復合結構作賓語,即英語中習慣上不說 hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.
職稱英語常考語法考點解析之被動語態
語態是動詞的一種形式,它表示主語和謂語的關系.語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態.如果主語是動作的執行者,或者是說動作是由主語完成的,要用主動語態;如果主語是動作的承受者,或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的,則用被動語態.
一、被動語態考點聚焦
(一)被動語態的概念:
不知道或沒必要提到動作的執行者是誰時用被動語態.強調或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(by短語有時可以省略).
(二)被動語態的構成方式:
be + 過去分詞,口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示.
(三)被動語態的基本用法:
(1)使用被動語態時應注意的幾個問題.
①主動變化被動時雙賓語的變化.看下列例句.
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主動變被動時,賓補成主補(位置不變);(作補語的)不定式前需加to.
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短語動詞變被動語態時,勿要掉尾巴.
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情態動詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結構變被動語態, 只需將它們后面的動詞原形變為be +過去分詞.
⑤當句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時,被動語態有兩種形式:(A)謂語動詞用被動語態,動詞不定式作主補.(B)用it作形式主語,真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示.如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that
(2)不能用被動語態的幾種情況.
①所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態之中.
②表示狀態的謂語動詞,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等.
③表示歸屬的動詞,如have、own、belong to等.
④表示希望、意圖的動詞,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等.
⑤賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態,不能用被動語態.
⑥賓語是同源賓語,不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態.
⑦有些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義,特別是當主語是物時,常見的動詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等.
(3)主動形式表被動意義.
①當feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時;當cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時;當動詞表示開始、結束、關、停、轉、啟動等意義時.
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗.
These novels wont sell well.這些小說不暢銷.
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢.
The door wont lock.門鎖不上.
The fish smells good.魚聞起來香.
②當break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動詞表示發生、關閉、制定等意思時.
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義.
④be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義.
⑤在be + 形容詞 + to do中,不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語,用主動代被動.
This kind of water isnt fit to drink.
The girl isnt easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame(受譴責),be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動.
(4)被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況.
①be seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上.
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后.
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被動語態與系表結構的區別
被動語態強調動作;系表結構表主語的特點或狀態.如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態)
The book is well sold.(系表結構)
二、精典名題導解
1. Do you like the material? Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
【解析】此題正確答案為C,因為 feel 在此為連系動詞,而連系動詞均為不及物動詞,不能用于被動語態,盡管有時其漢語意思有被動意味.
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didnt satisfy B. to, didnt satisfy
C. at, wasnt satisfied D. to, wasnt satisfied
【解析】最佳答案為C. be angry at (about) sth 意為對某事生氣,許多同學常按漢語意思將其中的介詞 at (about) 換成 to,這是錯誤的.另外,許多同學將漢語的不滿意直譯為 not satisfy,這是是不對的,因為,satisfy在現代英語中只用作及物動詞,其意不是滿意而是使(人)滿意,所以其后不能沒有賓語,除非本身是被動語態(或是系表結構).
3. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to
【解析】事實上,正確答案為A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物動詞:用作及物動詞時,其意為為做廣告、登廣告宣傳;用作不及物動詞時,其意為做廣告、登廣告,此時通常后接介詞 for,表示做廣告征求.比較:
advertise for sth (sb) 登廣告征求或尋找某物或某人 (此時 advertise 不及物)
advertise sth 為登廣告,登廣告宣傳(此時 advertise 是及物動詞,其后要直接跟被宣傳的東西作賓語)
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人們為要賣的東西登廣告.
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書.
再比較以下用例:
advertise jobs 登廣告招人
advertise for jobs 登廣告求職
4. I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time. But does your mother _____ you to go?
A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise
【解析】最佳答案為C. 不能選A是因為 let 后用作賓語補足語的不定式不能帶 to;不能選B是因為動詞 agree 習慣上不用于 agree sb to do sth 這一句式;不能選D是因為在 promise sb to do sth 這一句式中,to do sth 的邏輯主語是 promise 的主語而不其是賓語,比如 He promised me to go 的意思是他答應我,他去,而不是他答應我讓我去.之所以能選C,是因為 allow sb to do sth(允許某人做某事)與上文語境剛好吻合.
5. Do your parents agree to your doing that? Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.
A. hope B. suggest C. support D. encourage
【解析】此題的正解答案是D. 因為在以上四個選項中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的復合結構作賓語,即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的復合結構作賓語,即英語中習慣上不說 hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.
