2024屆高考英語一輪語法專題復習學案：第3部分 專題4 特殊句式（新人教版）
◆主謂一致的核心考點
1．就近一致原則
(1)由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時，通常根據就近一致原則，謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數上保持一致。
Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
(2)here/there引導一個句子而主語又不止一個時，通常根據就近原則，謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數上保持一致。
Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.
2．意義一致原則
(1)謂語動詞必須用單數的情況
?、俦硎緦W科的名詞以及works(工廠)，news(消息)等作主語時，雖然本身為復數形式，但表示單數意義時，謂語動詞仍用單數。
Politics is his favorite subject.
②表示某些組織機構的名詞、書/報名、國名、地名等作主語時，雖然形式上是復數，但所表示的意義是單數，所以謂語動詞用單數。
Do you know when the United Nations was set up?
(2)謂語動詞必須用復數的情況
表示總稱意義的名詞，如people，police，public，cattle等作主語時，謂語動詞用復數。
The police are searching for the murderer.
(3)謂語動詞的形式依據主語表示的意義而定
?、偌w名詞，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主語時，謂語動詞的形式根據其在語境中表示的意義而定。當其表示集體意義，強調整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數；當其表示集體中各個組成部分，強調個體概念時，謂語動詞用復數。
As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.
②“the＋形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時，謂語動詞用復數。
The poor were looked down upon in the old days.
3．語法一致原則
(1)由and連接的兩個名詞作主語
?、佟癮/the＋名詞單數＋and＋名詞單數”表示一個人(雙重身份)，謂語動詞用單數。
The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.
②“a/the＋名詞單數＋and＋a/the＋名詞單數”表示兩個人，謂語動詞用復數。
The teacher and the poet have just arrived.
?、邸癳very＋名詞單數＋and＋every＋名詞單數”表示每一個人，謂語動詞用單數。
Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.
?、芡ǔＳ蓛蓚€部件組成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。
Bread and butter is not to his taste.
(2)表示時間、數量、長度及價格的名詞，盡管有時是復數形式但常被看作是一個整體，謂語動詞用單數形式。
Is fifty pounds enough?
(3)“分數/百分數＋of＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的形式根據of后的名詞的形式來定，如果名詞是可數名詞復數，謂語動詞用復數形式；如果名詞是單數可數名詞或不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式。
Two-thirds of the books are about science.
Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.
◆倒裝句的核心考點
1．全部倒裝
(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。
Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about.
(2)表示時間、地點和動作轉移的副詞如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主語是名詞而不是代詞時，用完全倒裝。此時，句子多用一般現在時或一般過去時。
There goes the phone.I’ll answer it.
(3)such作表語置于句首時。
Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
(4)直接引語的全部或部分位于句首時。
“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.
(5)表示地點的介詞短語位于句首時。
In the center of the square stands a monument.
(6)為平衡句子結構，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝。
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
2．部分倒裝
在下列幾種情況下，只把助動詞、系動詞或情態動詞放在主語之前，構成部分倒裝。
(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意義的單詞或短語位于句首時。
Little does he care about what others think.
(2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。
Neither does he drink nor smoke.
(3)當only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時。
Only then did I find I had made a mistake.
(4)在so/such...that...從句中，當so＋形容詞/副詞或such＋名詞位于句首時。
So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.
(5)當表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時，常用“so/as＋be動詞/助動詞/情態動詞＋主語”，表示“……也是……”。
Times have changed and so have I.
(6)當neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內容也適用于另一個人或事物時，常用“neither/nor＋be動詞/助動詞/情態動詞＋主語”，表示“……也不……”。
They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we.
(7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動詞were，had，should提到主語前面。
Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much.
(8)as和though引導的讓步狀語從句。
Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open.
(9)“may＋動詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構成倒裝語序。
May you succeed!
◆強調句的核心考點
1．使用助動詞do，does和did對謂語動詞進行強調。
First impressions really do count.
2．運用強調句型來強調除謂語動詞以外的其他句子成分。
強調句型的基本句型結構為：It is/was＋被強調部分＋that/who＋其他成分?？捎脕韽娬{句子的主語、賓語、狀語、表語、同位語等成分。在復習強調句型時，要注意以下幾個方面：
(1)強調句型中的主謂一致
在強調句型中，當對陳述句中的主語進行強調時，無論被強調的主語是單數還是復數，主句中的謂語動詞都要用單數形式It is/was...，同時，that從句中的謂語動詞要與被強調的主語在人稱和數方面保持一致。
It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.
(2)當對地點狀語、時間狀語或其他狀語從句進行強調時，只能用連接詞that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。
It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.
(3)強調句型的疑問句
在強調句中，無論被強調部分是什么句子成分，變為一般疑問句時，都須將主句改為疑問語序，即將“It is/was＋被強調部分＋that＋其他成分”改為“Is/Was it＋被強調部分＋that＋其他成分？”或“疑問詞＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”結構。
Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?
When was it that she changed her mind?
(4)在對not...until...結構中的until時間狀語或時間狀語從句進行強調時，要將句中的not移至until之前，構成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that從句中的謂語動詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語序。
I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.＝It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
注意事項：
1．如果由特殊疑問詞引導的強調結構在句中作賓語從句時，從句必須使用陳述語序，不可用疑問語序。
He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.
2．強調句型結構中的反意疑問句式。
在強調句型結構中，其反意疑問句的主語及助動詞必須與主句It is/was...保持一致。
It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it?
3．強調句型結構與定語從句的混合使用。
在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，命題人常將強調句型與定語從句混合起來，使句子結構更加復雜。我們要注意從語法角度來分析句子，理清結構。
It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.
4．強調句型與時間狀語從句的辨析。
當用強調句型強調時間狀語時，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”，原句仍然完整；而在時間狀語從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“when/before”，原句不完整。
It was at 14：28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強調句型)
It was 14：28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語從句)
◆省略句的核心考點
1．狀語從句中的省略
由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導的狀語從句中，如果其謂語動詞為be，而主語與主句的主語相同時，則從句的主語和be可省略；或從句的主語為it，謂語動詞為be時，也可省略從句中的it和be。
When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.
If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.
2．不定式的省略
單獨使用不定式符號to代替不定式后被省略的動詞，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等詞后；或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動詞，常見詞有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。
—Will you please look after my house when I’m away?
—I’m glad to.
—Are you a sailor?
—No.But I used to be.
Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been.
3．?？嫉膸讉€省略形式
if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller...than等。
4．并列句中的省略
并列句中的兩個對等句里的動詞相同時，后者的動詞可以省略。
He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.
My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.
◆特殊句式與語法填空
特殊句式?？嫉恼Z法項目包含主謂一致、倒裝句、強調句、省略句、感嘆句、祈使句等?？疾樾问接兄^語動詞的數、狀語從句的省略中的非謂語動詞、以及助動詞、替代詞或標志性的詞等。
典題試做1
在空白處填入適當的內容(1個單詞)或括號內所給詞的正確形式
1．Yangshuo
(be) really beautiful.(2024·全國Ⅰ)
答案 is
解析 考查主謂一致和動詞時態。本段介紹陽朔的自然條件，屬客觀事實，要用一般現在時，由于主語是單數第三人稱形式，故填is。
2．Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century
his musical gift was fully recognized.(2024·重慶)
答案 that
解析 考查強調句。本句是一個強調句型，其基本結構是：It is/was＋被強調部分＋that/who＋其他，本句被強調部分是not until the early 19th century，故填that。
3．
after talking to two students did I discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.(2024·湖南)
答案 Only
解析 考查倒裝句。only放在句首，后面跟狀語時，使用部分倒裝結構。
4．—Do you think George has passed the driving test?
—No.If
，he would have driven his car to our college yesterday.(2024·福建)
答案 so
解析 考查替代?！叭绻ㄟ^的話”，用so替代前面George has passed the driving test。
5．Call me tomorrow
I’ll let you know the lab result.(2024·大綱全國)
答案 and
解析 由語境可知，此處是“祈使句＋and＋簡單句”這一固定句式結構，故填and。
6．
a strange plant！I’ve never seen it before.(2011·遼寧)
答案 What
解析 因為空后的中心詞plant是名詞，所以用what引導該感嘆句。What a strange plant！也可表達成How strange a plant，即how后的中心詞為形容詞或副詞。故填what。
應對策略1
注意分析句式結構，確定為何種特殊句式，再根據特殊句式的結構特點填入適當的詞。
◆特殊句式與短文改錯
短文改錯中對于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主謂不一致、以及含有助動詞的謂語結構錯誤、替代詞的錯用等。
典題試做2
單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)
1．Hard work have made him very ill.(2024·遼寧)
答案 have→has
解析 考查主謂一致。work為不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數。
2．Finally，there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.(2024·陜西)
答案 were→was
解析 考查主謂一致。There be應該與其后主語a sudden pull在數上保持一致。
3．In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports were steady，around three per week.(2011·遼寧)
答案 were→was
解析 考查主謂一致。主語為the rate，為第三人稱單數形式，故were改為was。
4．I couldn’t believe my luck—not only did I had my photo taken with him，but he signed his name on my shirt！(2011·陜西)
答案 had→have
解析 考查倒裝句的謂語結構，“did＋主語＋動詞原形”，故had應改為have。
5．Luckily I had all my money in my pocket，but the only clothes I had was those I had on.(2011·新課標全國)
答案 was→were
解析 考查主謂一致。該句謂語應該與主語the clothes一致，故was應改為were。
6．After we left，I said，“That was very nice of you，Mother.But I didn’t think she looked like Grandma.”“Neither did me，”said Mother cheerfully.(2010·浙江)
答案 me→I
解析 考查倒裝句?！皀either＋助動詞＋主語”結構中，主語應該用主格形式，故me應改為I。
應對策略2
遇到特殊句式，要注意主謂一致、強調句、倒裝句、省略句、祈使句、感嘆句、反意疑問句等的構成特點。
◆書面表達中特殊句式易錯點聚焦
