2024屆高考英語一輪復習課件：選修8 unit2 Cloning（新人教版）

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　　5．forbid vt. 禁止；妨礙；阻止歸納拓展 forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事 forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 It's forbidden to do sth. 做某事是禁止的 (2)用forbid的相關詞語完成下列小片段。在英國的許多公共場所禁止吸煙。即使在家里，沒有其他家庭成員的允許，吸煙也是禁止的。因此，在中國，一些人認為，我們的法律也應該禁止人們在公共場合吸煙。 In many public places in England, it ①________________. Even at home, without the permission of other members, smoking ②________________. So some people in China also hold the opinion that our law should also ③________________ in public. 答案：(1)①to play?、趕moking　③to look　(2)①is forbidden to smoke?、趇s forbidden?、踗orbid people to smoke 6．strike vt. 敲擊；打中；忽然想起；給人深刻印象；罷工 n. 罷工歸納拓展 strike sb. on the head/arm 打某人的頭/臂 strike a bargain/deal 達成交易 strike sb. (as sth.) 給某人印象；讓某人覺得 go on strike 舉行罷工

　　③________ ________ ________ ________(我忽然想到) that we might have made the wrong decision. ④The workers ________ ________ ________ ________(將舉行罷工) if the demands they put forward are turned down. 答案：①What struck me most　②was struck by floods?、跧t struck/hit/occurred to me　④will go on strike 1.pay off 還清(債務)；取得成功；得到回報歸納拓展 pay for 為……付錢/付出代價 pay back 償還(債務)；報答 pay a visit to 參觀；訪問 pay attention to 注意；重視答案：①paid off?、趐ay off your old loan/debt?、踦ay attention to their lessons 2．be in good/poor condition 處于好的/壞的狀況歸納拓展 out of/in bad condition (人)身體不適 on condition that 只要；條件是 on this/that condition 在這種/那種條件下 on no condition 絕不；一點兒也不 working/living conditions 工作/生活條件

　?、踄ou are bound to achieve your aim ________ ________ ________(只要) you spare no efforts and costs. ④Over the past years, his ________ ________(生活條件) haven't improved, which cast him down. 答案：①in poor condition?、趏n no condition?、踥n condition that　④living conditions 1.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接著傳來了多莉病重的消息。該句中的劃線部分是一個由that引導的同位語從句。歸納拓展同位語從句緊跟在fact, news, idea, doubt, possibility, hope, promise, belief, suggestion, request等名詞后，用來說明解釋名詞的具體內容。有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而被其他成分隔開，在語法上叫作分隔式同位語從句。 ③Despite the fact ________ ________ ________ ________ (他們缺少食物), the explorers continued towards the goal. ④— It's thirty years since we last met. — But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(我們在一個下雨的夜晚迷路了)．答案：①that you could pick me up at the airport　②that smoking can lead to many illnesses?、踭hat they lacked food?、躷hat we lost our way on a rainy night 2．Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years. 根據現有知識，我們無法克隆已經滅絕一萬年以上的動物。該句中的based on what we know now為過去分詞短語作狀語。歸納拓展過去分詞(短語)在句中可以作狀語、定語和賓補等。答案：①joined to the mainland by a bridge?、赟een from the top of the tower　③make himself heard 基礎知識鞏固 3．(2024·安徽改編)The athlete's years of hard training paid ________ when she finally won the Olympic gold medal. 4．Jane you've made such great efforts that you are bound ________(pass) the exam. 5．I don't often go to the cinema at weekends, merely from time ________ time. 6．His efforts to raise money for his program were ________ vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. 7．Although a teenager, Fred could not resist ________(tell) what to do and what not to do. 8．Be ________(reason)—you can't expect him to finish all his work in so little time. 9．With all his attention ________(fix) on the computer game, the boy even didn't notice his mother come in. 10．Please don't worry! Everything will be arriving ________ good condition. 答案：1.off　2.why　3.off　4.to pass　5.to　6.in　7.being told　8.reasonable　9.fixed　10.in 4．In my opinion, it is ________ ________ (徒勞無功的) to forbid teenagers to smoke. It's essential to enable them to realize the harm of smoking. 5．眾所周知，對于鮑勃(Bob)要給我們升工資這個承諾，他已經食言了。 ________ was known to all that Bob had broken his promise ________ he would give us a pay rise. 6．對于是否允許做人類克隆實驗的話題，我們開展了一場激烈的討論。(There be句型) ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ the problem whether human cloning experiments should be allowed. 7．我不清楚他現在到底在哪里。 ________ ________ ________ where he is now. 8．據我所知，沒有多大的可能通過克隆來讓那些滅絕的動物，如恐龍，復活。 To the best of my knowledge, ________ ________ ________ ________ to bring those extinct animals like dinosaurs back to life through cloning. 9．他的健康狀況良好，所以他能抵抗各種疾病。 That ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ indicates he can resist all kinds of diseases. 10．事情的真相是很多移民都沒有達成愿望，并不能在加利福尼亞州發財。 ________ ________ ________ ________ many immigrants couldn't realize their dreams, without making a great fortune in California. 答案：1.are bound to　2.from time to time　3.brought her back to life　4.in vain　5.It; that　6.There was a fierce debate over　7．I've no idea　8.there is little chance　9.his health is in good condition　10.The truth was that 5．You are bound to feeling nervous about your job interview.__________________ 6．The current government is in the favor of his economic theories.__________________ 7．She went upstairs to see if he was still asleep from time and time.__________________ 8．—My daughter lived in France for five years and now she's working in a foreign company. —There is no wonder that she speaks such excellent French.__________________ 9．She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exactly.__________________ 10．It was known to all that Bob had broken his promise he would give them a rise.__________________ 答案：1.has后加上been　2.has→is　3.object后加上to　4.back→off　5.feeling→feel　6.去掉favor前的the　7.and→to 8．There→It　9.exactly→exact　10.promise后加上that 支持反對生產大量的食用動物，挽救珍稀瀕危動物克隆能引起一系列的道德問題在醫學上有很多好處，能克隆身體器官等打破性別平衡，造成混亂，破壞生態平衡 …… …… 我的觀點：只要所有的人都答應合理應用，克隆將會取得成功 ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 答案： People differ greatly in cloning technique. Some people are in favour of its development, for they believe it will be bound to benefit us. Such as large quantities of commercial food can be produced, the extinct animals can be cloned and we can also clone human body organs for medical use.

　　On the contrary, others feel cast down to find that it could raise a storm of moral questions and have a strong objection to it. In order to forbid the technique, they don't bother to list as many disadvantages as possible. It can break the gender balance and the balance of nature. However, in my opinion, cloning will pay off on assumption that all undertake to use it properly. Unit 2　Cloning 選修八第一部分　基礎知識聚焦考點探究演練 2 基礎知識鞏固 3 課時規范訓練 4 基礎知識晨記 1 基礎知識晨記 Ⅰ.單詞速記 A．快速識記 1．________ vt.禁止；不準 2．________ vt.獲得；贏得 3．________ vt.扔；投；擲 4．________ vt.欠；歸功于 5．________ adj.最初的；開始的 6．________ vt.崇拜；愛慕；喜愛 7．________ adj.義務的；強制的 8．________ vt.& vi.打擾；煩心　n．煩擾 forbid obtain cast owe initial adore compulsory bother

　　9．________ vt.& vi.打；罷工；撞擊　n. 罷工 10．________ n．媒體；媒介→(復數形式)________ 11．________ vt.抵抗；對抗→________ n．反抗；抵抗力 12．__________ vt.& vi.積累；聚積→____________ n．積累；累積 13．__________ adj.商業的；貿易的→________ n．商業；貿易 14．__________ n．假定；設想→________ vt.假定；假設；承擔 15．________ vi.反對；不贊成→________ n．反對；不贊成；異議 strike medium media resist resistance accumulate accumulation commercial commerce assumption assume object objection 16．________ adj.道德的；倫理的→________ n．道德；品行；美德 17．________ vi.退休；離開→________ adj.退休的→__________ n．退休；退役 18．________ adj.虛榮的；自負的；徒勞的→________ n．虛榮(心)；自負；自大 19．________ vi.不同；相異→________ adj.不同的→___________ n．差別；不同(之處) 20．_________ adj.合情理的；講道理的；公道的→(反義詞) ___________ adj.不合理的；非理智的→______ vt.推理；推斷 moral morality retire retired retirement vain vanity differ different difference reasonable unreasonable reason B．歸類巧記 1．巧記合成名詞 ①break through→breakthrough 突破 ②break out→outbreak 爆發 ③fall down→downfall 垮臺 ④get together→get-together 聚會 2．由forbid的用法想到的 3．accumulate相關動詞小結 ①accumulate vt. & vi. 積累 ②increase vt. & vi. 增長 ③enlarge vt. & vi. 擴大；放大 ④expand vt. & vi. 擴大；膨脹 ⑤shrink vt. & vi. 收縮；縮小 ⑥reduce vt. & vi. 減少 4．resist形近詞集錦 ①resist v．抵抗 ②insist v. 堅持 ③assist v. 協助

　?、躠ssistant n. 助手

　?、輈onsist vi. 由……組成

　　⑥consistent adj. 始終如一的；一貫的

　?、?高頻短語 1．還清；得到好結果________________ 2．贊成；支持________________ 3．使沮喪；使失望________________ 4．不時；偶爾________________ 5．反對________________ 6．使……復生；使……復活________________ 7．一定或注定要做……________________ 8．對某人判刑________________ 9．克服；熬過；恢復________________ 10．白費力氣；枉費心機________________ pay off in favor of cast down from time to time object to bring ...back to life be bound to do ... make sentence to sb. get over in vain 11．將……歸功于……________________ 12．旁路；支線；岔道________________ 13．使……刻骨銘心________________ 14．狀況很好(壞)________________ 15．另一方面________________ 16．義務教育________________ 17．值得做某事________________ 18．適合于……的________________ 19．取得突破________________ 20．A不同于B________________ owe ...to ... side road strike ...into one's heart in good/poor condition on the other hand compulsory education be worth doing sth. be appropriate to/for ... make a breakthrough A differs from B Ⅲ.佳句填空 1．The fact is ________ these are both examples of natural clones. 實際上，這些都是自然克隆現象。 2．But at last the determination and ________(patient)of the scientists ________ ________ in 1996 with ________ breakthrough—the cloning of Dolly the sheep. 但是，科學家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報，這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊多莉的誕生。 3．However, scientists still wonder ________ cloning will help or harm us and ________ it is leading us. 然而科學家們仍對克隆技術有助于人類還是有害于人類，以及克隆技術將把我們引向哪里感到困惑。 4．This is ________ the cloning of mammals is still ________ new science and ________ story only began seriously in the 1950s ________ this list shows. 這是因為克隆哺乳動物仍然還是一門新的科學，它是從20世紀50年代才開始進行認真研究的，如下表所示。

　　5．Then ________ of them would be left to continue the species. 這樣它們可能一個也留不下來傳宗接代了。答案：1.that　2.patience; paid off; a　3.whether; where　4.because; a; its; as　5. none Ⅳ.語法過關同位語從句 1．We've just heard a warning on the radio ________ a typhoon may be on its way. 2．The fact ________ this country spends more on its military than on education and health care combined is a serious and worrying thought. 3．I made a promise to myself ________ this year, my first year in high school, would be different. 4．I have no idea ________ the cell phone isn't working, so could you fix it for me? 5．Don't worry! There is still a great chance ________ we can make up for the lost time. 答案：1.that　2.that　3.that　4.why　5.that Ⅴ.語篇填空 On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of ①________(object) and had a great impact ②________ the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the ③________(possible) of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.④________ at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult ⑤________(obtain), newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain ⑥________ ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions.

　　Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, ⑦________ other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid ⑧________ cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder ⑨________ cloning will help or harm us and where it ⑩________(lead) us.

　　答案：①objections?、趏n?、踦ossibility?、蹵lthough?、輙o obtain?、辴heir　⑦but?、鄑hat?、醱hether?、鈏s leading 考點探究演練 1.object vt. 反對；不贊成(后常接介詞to) 歸納拓展 object to sb./sth. 不贊成/反對…… object to doing sth. 反對做某事 object that ... 反對…… have an objection to ... 反對…… raise an objection to ... 對……提出異議

　?、躀t was he who ________ ________ ________ ________(反對) your arbitrary assumption. 答案：①objecting?、赾heating?、踥bjection?、躱bjected to/had an objection to 2．bother vt. 打擾　vi. 操心；費心　n. 煩擾歸納拓展 bother (oneself) to do sth. 費心做某事 bother sb. about/with sth. 就某事打擾某人 bother sb. to do sth. 麻煩某人做某事 It bothers sb. that ... 使某人煩惱的是…… have bother doing sth. 做某事很費勁

　　④________ ________ ________(bother) by the problem for such a long time, she made up her mind to seek help from her teacher. 答案：①to give　②finding?、踳ith?、蹾aving been bothered 3．resist vt. 抵抗；對抗歸納拓展 resist sb. doing sth. 反對某人做某事 can't resist doing sth. 忍不住做某事 be hard/difficult to resist 難以抗拒

　　③Finally no one could resist ________ (burst) into laughter. ④As for me, tasty food ________ ________ ________ ________(難以抗拒)．答案：①consciously resist?、趂orbidding?、踒ursting?、躨s hard to resist 4．owe vt. 欠；感激；應給予；把……歸功于歸納拓展 owe sb. sth.(＝owe sth. to sb.) 欠某人……/把……歸功于某人 owe it to sb. that ... 把……歸功于某人 owing to(＝because of＝due to＝thanks to) 由于

　　5．forbid vt. 禁止；妨礙；阻止歸納拓展 forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事 forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 It's forbidden to do sth. 做某事是禁止的 (2)用forbid的相關詞語完成下列小片段。在英國的許多公共場所禁止吸煙。即使在家里，沒有其他家庭成員的允許，吸煙也是禁止的。因此，在中國，一些人認為，我們的法律也應該禁止人們在公共場合吸煙。 In many public places in England, it ①________________. Even at home, without the permission of other members, smoking ②________________. So some people in China also hold the opinion that our law should also ③________________ in public. 答案：(1)①to play　②smoking?、踭o look　(2)①is forbidden to smoke?、趇s forbidden?、踗orbid people to smoke 6．strike vt. 敲擊；打中；忽然想起；給人深刻印象；罷工 n. 罷工歸納拓展 strike sb. on the head/arm 打某人的頭/臂 strike a bargain/deal 達成交易 strike sb. (as sth.) 給某人印象；讓某人覺得 go on strike 舉行罷工

　?、踎_______ ________ ________ ________(我忽然想到) that we might have made the wrong decision. ④The workers ________ ________ ________ ________(將舉行罷工) if the demands they put forward are turned down. 答案：①What struck me most?、趙as struck by floods?、跧t struck/hit/occurred to me　④will go on strike 1.pay off 還清(債務)；取得成功；得到回報歸納拓展 pay for 為……付錢/付出代價 pay back 償還(債務)；報答 pay a visit to 參觀；訪問 pay attention to 注意；重視答案：①paid off?、趐ay off your old loan/debt?、踦ay attention to their lessons 2．be in good/poor condition 處于好的/壞的狀況歸納拓展 out of/in bad condition (人)身體不適 on condition that 只要；條件是 on this/that condition 在這種/那種條件下 on no condition 絕不；一點兒也不 working/living conditions 工作/生活條件

　　③You are bound to achieve your aim ________ ________ ________(只要) you spare no efforts and costs. ④Over the past years, his ________ ________(生活條件) haven't improved, which cast him down. 答案：①in poor condition?、趏n no condition?、踥n condition that?、躭iving conditions 1.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接著傳來了多莉病重的消息。該句中的劃線部分是一個由that引導的同位語從句。歸納拓展同位語從句緊跟在fact, news, idea, doubt, possibility, hope, promise, belief, suggestion, request等名詞后，用來說明解釋名詞的具體內容。有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而被其他成分隔開，在語法上叫作分隔式同位語從句。 ③Despite the fact ________ ________ ________ ________ (他們缺少食物), the explorers continued towards the goal. ④— It's thirty years since we last met. — But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(我們在一個下雨的夜晚迷路了)．答案：①that you could pick me up at the airport?、趖hat smoking can lead to many illnesses　③that they lacked food　④that we lost our way on a rainy night 2．Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years. 根據現有知識，我們無法克隆已經滅絕一萬年以上的動物。該句中的based on what we know now為過去分詞短語作狀語。歸納拓展過去分詞(短語)在句中可以作狀語、定語和賓補等。答案：①joined to the mainland by a bridge?、赟een from the top of the tower　③make himself heard 基礎知識鞏固 3．(2024·安徽改編)The athlete's years of hard training paid ________ when she finally won the Olympic gold medal. 4．Jane you've made such great efforts that you are bound ________(pass) the exam. 5．I don't often go to the cinema at weekends, merely from time ________ time. 6．His efforts to raise money for his program were ________ vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. 7．Although a teenager, Fred could not resist ________(tell) what to do and what not to do. 8．Be ________(reason)—you can't expect him to finish all his work in so little time. 9．With all his attention ________(fix) on the computer game, the boy even didn't notice his mother come in. 10．Please don't worry! Everything will be arriving ________ good condition. 答案：1.off　2.why　3.off　4.to pass　5.to　6.in　7.being told　8.reasonable　9.fixed　10.in 4．In my opinion, it is ________ ________ (徒勞無功的) to forbid teenagers to smoke. It's essential to enable them to realize the harm of smoking. 5．眾所周知，對于鮑勃(Bob)要給我們升工資這個承諾，他已經食言了。 ________ was known to all that Bob had broken his promise ________ he would give us a pay rise. 6．對于是否允許做人類克隆實驗的話題，我們開展了一場激烈的討論。(There be句型) ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ the problem whether human cloning experiments should be allowed. 7．我不清楚他現在到底在哪里。 ________ ________ ________ where he is now. 8．據我所知，沒有多大的可能通過克隆來讓那些滅絕的動物，如恐龍，復活。 To the best of my knowledge, ________ ________ ________ ________ to bring those extinct animals like dinosaurs back to life through cloning. 9．他的健康狀況良好，所以他能抵抗各種疾病。 That ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ indicates he can resist all kinds of diseases. 10．事情的真相是很多移民都沒有達成愿望，并不能在加利福尼亞州發財。 ________ ________ ________ ________ many immigrants couldn't realize their dreams, without making a great fortune in California. 答案：1.are bound to　2.from time to time　3.brought her back to life　4.in vain　5.It; that　6.There was a fierce debate over　7．I've no idea　8.there is little chance　9.his health is in good condition　10.The truth was that 5．You are bound to feeling nervous about your job interview.__________________ 6．The current government is in the favor of his economic theories.__________________ 7．She went upstairs to see if he was still asleep from time and time.__________________ 8．—My daughter lived in France for five years and now she's working in a foreign company. —There is no wonder that she speaks such excellent French.__________________ 9．She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exactly.__________________ 10．It was known to all that Bob had broken his promise he would give them a rise.__________________ 答案：1.has后加上been　2.has→is　3.object后加上to　4.back→off　5.feeling→feel　6.去掉favor前的the　7.and→to 8．There→It　9.exactly→exact　10.promise后加上that 支持反對生產大量的食用動物，挽救珍稀瀕危動物克隆能引起一系列的道德問題在醫學上有很多好處，能克隆身體器官等打破性別平衡，造成混亂，破壞生態平衡 …… …… 我的觀點：只要所有的人都答應合理應用，克隆將會取得成功 ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 答案： People differ greatly in cloning technique. Some people are in favour of its development, for they believe it will be bound to benefit us. Such as large quantities of commercial food can be produced, the extinct animals can be cloned and we can also clone human body organs for medical use.

　?、躠ssistant n. 助手

　　⑤consist vi. 由……組成

　?、辌onsistent adj. 始終如一的；一貫的

　　Ⅱ.高頻短語 1．還清；得到好結果________________ 2．贊成；支持________________ 3．使沮喪；使失望________________ 4．不時；偶爾________________ 5．反對________________ 6．使……復生；使……復活________________ 7．一定或注定要做……________________ 8．對某人判刑________________ 9．克服；熬過；恢復________________ 10．白費力氣；枉費心機________________ pay off in favor of cast down from time to time object to bring ...back to life be bound to do ... make sentence to sb. get over in vain 11．將……歸功于……________________ 12．旁路；支線；岔道________________ 13．使……刻骨銘心________________ 14．狀況很好(壞)________________ 15．另一方面________________ 16．義務教育________________ 17．值得做某事________________ 18．適合于……的________________ 19．取得突破________________ 20．A不同于B________________ owe ...to ... side road strike ...into one's heart in good/poor condition on the other hand compulsory education be worth doing sth. be appropriate to/for ... make a breakthrough A differs from B Ⅲ.佳句填空 1．The fact is ________ these are both examples of natural clones. 實際上，這些都是自然克隆現象。 2．But at last the determination and ________(patient)of the scientists ________ ________ in 1996 with ________ breakthrough—the cloning of Dolly the sheep. 但是，科學家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報，這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊多莉的誕生。 3．However, scientists still wonder ________ cloning will help or harm us and ________ it is leading us. 然而科學家們仍對克隆技術有助于人類還是有害于人類，以及克隆技術將把我們引向哪里感到困惑。 4．This is ________ the cloning of mammals is still ________ new science and ________ story only began seriously in the 1950s ________ this list shows. 這是因為克隆哺乳動物仍然還是一門新的科學，它是從20世紀50年代才開始進行認真研究的，如下表所示。

　　答案：①objections?、趏n　③possibility?、蹵lthough?、輙o obtain?、辴heir　⑦but?、鄑hat?、醱hether?、鈏s leading 考點探究演練 1.object vt. 反對；不贊成(后常接介詞to) 歸納拓展 object to sb./sth. 不贊成/反對…… object to doing sth. 反對做某事 object that ... 反對…… have an objection to ... 反對…… raise an objection to ... 對……提出異議

　?、躀t was he who ________ ________ ________ ________(反對) your arbitrary assumption. 答案：①objecting?、赾heating　③objection?、躱bjected to/had an objection to 2．bother vt. 打擾　vi. 操心；費心　n. 煩擾歸納拓展 bother (oneself) to do sth. 費心做某事 bother sb. about/with sth. 就某事打擾某人 bother sb. to do sth. 麻煩某人做某事 It bothers sb. that ... 使某人煩惱的是…… have bother doing sth. 做某事很費勁

　?、躝_______ ________ ________(bother) by the problem for such a long time, she made up her mind to seek help from her teacher. 答案：①to give　②finding　③with?、蹾aving been bothered 3．resist vt. 抵抗；對抗歸納拓展 resist sb. doing sth. 反對某人做某事 can't resist doing sth. 忍不住做某事 be hard/difficult to resist 難以抗拒

　?、跢inally no one could resist ________ (burst) into laughter. ④As for me, tasty food ________ ________ ________ ________(難以抗拒)．答案：①consciously resist　②forbidding　③bursting?、躨s hard to resist 4．owe vt. 欠；感激；應給予；把……歸功于歸納拓展 owe sb. sth.(＝owe sth. to sb.) 欠某人……/把……歸功于某人 owe it to sb. that ... 把……歸功于某人 owing to(＝because of＝due to＝thanks to) 由于