2024年山東省高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)：專題整合突破八 非謂語動(dòng)詞
2024年高考第二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語山東版
八、非謂語動(dòng)詞
真題試做
1．(2024山東高考，26)George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him.
A．to be told
B．telling
C．being told
D．told
2．(2011山東高考，27)Look over there—there's a very long，winding path ______ up to the house.
A．leading
B．leads
C．led
D．to lead
3．(2010山東高考，23)I have a lot of readings ______ before the end of this term.
A．completing
B．to complete
C．completed
D．being completed
4．(2010山東高考，29)The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked.
A．laid
B．laying
C．to lay
D．being laid
考向分析
1．考查對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的識(shí)別，要求明確句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義，掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本用法。
2．考查不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別，要求掌握一些常見動(dòng)詞后面所接賓語的形式。
3．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語時(shí)的區(qū)別，尤其是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語所表示的不同時(shí)間、邏輯關(guān)系和意義。現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別應(yīng)引起足夠重視。
4．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式、完成式、被動(dòng)式及復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，要求掌握其構(gòu)成形式、所表示的時(shí)間以及邏輯關(guān)系。
熱點(diǎn)例析
考點(diǎn)一：謂語與非謂語形式的識(shí)別
試題以復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)和冗長的句式呈現(xiàn)，考查考生是否能瞻前顧后地分清句子成分、理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)、明白句子意義，正確判斷、識(shí)別動(dòng)詞在句中是否充當(dāng)謂語。
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考，8)I think Tom，as the head of a big department，should either study regularly or ______ his job.
A．quits
B．to quit
C．quitting
D．quit
答案為D項(xiàng)。該句使用了either ... or ...并列結(jié)構(gòu)，either后面是動(dòng)詞原形study，or后面也應(yīng)該是動(dòng)詞原形quit，故選擇D項(xiàng)構(gòu)成并列謂語。
(2024全國高考，10)Tony lent me the money，______ that I'd do as much for him.
A．hoping
B．to hope
C．hoped
D．having hoped
答案為A項(xiàng)。由于空前沒有連詞，應(yīng)排除謂語形式的C項(xiàng)，如果用hoped則應(yīng)在空前加and；根據(jù)空前的逗號(hào)可排除B項(xiàng)，因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語時(shí)其前不加逗號(hào)；“希望……”并不是發(fā)生在“托尼借給我錢”之前，故排除表示完成的having hoped；由于Tony與hope之間存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選擇現(xiàn)在分詞hoping作狀語。
考點(diǎn)二：非謂語形式作主語
非謂語形式作主語時(shí)，形式主語it常用來代替不定式短語作主語。如：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
但在It is no use/good doing sth.和It is a waste of time doing sth.句型中，it代替動(dòng)名詞短語作主語。如：
It's no use arguing with them.
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考，3)No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it's better ______ silent.
A．remain
B．be remaining
C．having remained
D．to remain
答案為D項(xiàng)。when在此處引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾times，在when引導(dǎo)的從句中，it是形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式to remain silent，表示“有時(shí)保持沉默更好”。
考點(diǎn)三：非謂語形式作賓語
1．部分動(dòng)詞(短語)后面只能接不定式作賓語。
常見的有：agree/ask/decide/demand/expect/fail/hope/learn/manage/offer/plan/promise/ pretend/refuse/wish/would like (love)
He agreed to lend me his bike.
He refused to say sorry to me.
2．部分動(dòng)詞(短語)后面只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。
常見的有：avoid/appreciate/consider/delay/enjoy/escape/excuse/finish/imagine/mind/miss/ practise/suggest/keep (on)/feel like/devote oneself to/give up/be (get) used to/be worth/insist on/look forward to/prefer...to...等。
He admitted taking my money.
Do you try to avoid making her annoyed?
3．部分動(dòng)詞(短語)后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，含義不同，應(yīng)注意區(qū)分。
如：
I'll remember to post your letter.我會(huì)記住把你的信寄上的。
I don't remember saying this to him before.我不記得以前對(duì)他說過這件事。
如：
I forgot to tell him to come.我忘記叫他來了。
I'll never forget seeing him for the first time.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了和他初次見面的情景。
如：
I regret to say that I can't accept your kind offer.很抱歉，我不能接受你那善意的提議。
I regret saying what was in my mind.我后悔說了心里話。
如：
You must try to improve your teaching method.你一定要試圖改進(jìn)你的教學(xué)方法。
If no one answers，try knocking at the back door.如果沒人答應(yīng)，試著敲敲后門。
如：
I meant to send you a postcard，but I didn't have your address with me.我本想寄一張明信片給你，但是我身邊沒有你的地址。
Starting too early means wasting your time.出發(fā)太早就是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
如：
Let's stop to buy something to eat here.咱們?cè)谶@里停停買些吃的吧。
Let's stop working and have a rest.咱們停下手里的活，歇一會(huì)兒。
如：
After reading the text，he went on to write the new words.讀完課文之后，他接著寫生詞。
He went on telling us the story after a short rest.稍微休息之后他接著給我們講故事。
如：
I want to join the army.我想?yún)④姟?/p>
The road needs rebuilding.這條路修需要重新修建。
如：
I can't help to carry the box because my arm hurts.我不能幫忙搬箱子，因?yàn)槲腋觳蔡邸?/p>
They couldn't help laughing when they saw him.他們看到他，忍不住大笑起來。
如：
I advised holding a meeting to discuss the matter.我建議開一個(gè)會(huì)來討論這件事情。
He often advises people to use their brains.他常常勸人動(dòng)動(dòng)腦子。
【典例分析】 (2024安徽高考，24)I remembered ______ the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
A．locking
B．to lock
C．having locked
D．to have locked
答案為B項(xiàng)。remember to do sth.意為“記著要做某事”，remember doing sth.意為“記著做過某事”。“在離開辦公室前就把門鎖上”顯然不合邏輯，所以應(yīng)選不定式作賓語。句意：我在離開辦公室以前，記著了要鎖門，但是忘了要關(guān)燈。
(2024北京高考，23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A．corrects
B．correct
C．to correct
D．correcting
答案為D項(xiàng)。在介詞by后面，and 前后連接兩個(gè)并列賓語，根據(jù)making可知此處選correcting。句意：一個(gè)人在犯錯(cuò)和糾錯(cuò)中學(xué)會(huì)一種語言。
考點(diǎn)四：非謂語形式作定語
1．時(shí)間關(guān)系不同：不定式作定語通常表示一個(gè)未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語通常表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去分詞作定語多表已完成的動(dòng)作，或沒有一定的時(shí)間性(只表示被動(dòng))。如：
I have a lot of work to do.
The tall girl standing there is a basketball player.
This is a play written by Shakespeare.
2．邏輯關(guān)系不同：不定式所修飾的詞可能是它的邏輯主語，也可能是它的邏輯賓語；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，它所修飾的詞一定是它的邏輯主語；過去分詞作定語所修飾的詞一般是它的邏輯賓語。如：
He is the first to get here.
He is the man to depend on.
He is the very person looking for you.
A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
3．不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，不要遺漏必要的介詞。如：
He found a good house to live in.
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考，11)“It's such a nice place，” Mother said as she sat at the table______ for customers.
A．to be reserved
B．having reserved
C．reserving
D．reserved
答案為D項(xiàng)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)用非謂語形式修飾table，“桌子”是“被預(yù)訂或保留”的，所以用過去分詞短語作后置定語。
考點(diǎn)五：非謂語形式作狀語
1．不定式作狀語：
(1)表示目的，直接用不定式或so as to/in order to。如：
He worked day and night to get the money.
(2)表示結(jié)果，更常見于so...as to，such...as to，enough to，too...to結(jié)構(gòu)中，only接不定式也常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。如：
I visited him only to find him out.
(3)表示原因，用在作表語的某些表示情感的形容詞或過去分詞后面，說明產(chǎn)生某種情緒的原因或是在哪方面存在謂語所表示的情況等。如：
They were very sad to hear the news.
2．現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示的必須是主語的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，即分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。
現(xiàn)在分詞可以作時(shí)間狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語。作原因狀語時(shí)，通常放在句首；作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，通常放在句子后面，表示自然而然的結(jié)果。如：
Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy.
He fired his gun，killing the wolf.
All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem.
3．過去分詞作狀語：
過去分詞的動(dòng)作與句子的主語是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
過去分詞可以作時(shí)間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語。如：
Seen from the hill，the city looks more beautiful.
Given better attention，the cabbages could have grown better.
【典例分析】 (2024遼寧高考，29)This machine is very easy ______.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A．operating
B．to be operating
C．operated
D．to operate
答案為D項(xiàng)。句意：這臺(tái)機(jī)器很容易操作。任何人幾分鐘就會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)使用。該題應(yīng)選不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，說明在哪一方面存在這個(gè)形容詞表示的情況或產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。
(2024北京高考，27)______ with care，one tin will last for six weeks.
A．Use
B．Using
C．Used
D．To use
答案為C項(xiàng)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知所填部分在句中作狀語，且與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選C項(xiàng)。句意：如果用得仔細(xì)的話，一罐可以用六周。
(2024天津高考，11)He got up late and hurried to his office，______ the breakfast untouched.
A．left
B．to leave
C．leaving
D．having left
答案為C項(xiàng)。句意：他起床晚了，匆忙趕往辦公室，早餐一動(dòng)沒動(dòng)。現(xiàn)在分詞短語在此處作結(jié)果狀語，表示自然而然的結(jié)果。
(2024四川高考，6)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only______his plane high up in the sky.
A．finding
B．to find
C．being found
D．to have found
答案為B項(xiàng)。only后接不定式表示意想不到的結(jié)果，所以應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)作結(jié)果狀語。to have found表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語took之前，時(shí)間上有誤。句意：湯姆乘出租車去了飛機(jī)場，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)飛機(jī)已經(jīng)飛在高空了。
考點(diǎn)六：非謂語形式作補(bǔ)語
1．a(chǎn)dvise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等動(dòng)詞后面常用不定式作補(bǔ)語。如：
Tell the children not to play on the street.
The police warned us not to go out at night.
2．make/let/have等使役動(dòng)詞后面用不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語，但在被動(dòng)句中則使用帶to的不定式。如：
They make the students do too much homework every day.
The students are made to do too much homework every day.
3．感官動(dòng)詞后面可用不帶to的不定式或分詞作補(bǔ)語。
從時(shí)間上看，不定式表示發(fā)生或完成；現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞表示完成。
從邏輯關(guān)系上看，不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞與賓語之間存在著主謂關(guān)系；過去分詞與賓語之間存在著動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：
I saw him cross the street.我看到他穿過了大街。
I saw him crossing the street.我看到他正在穿過大街。
I saw him surrounded by a group of students.我看到一群學(xué)生圍著他。
4．介詞with和without后面可接復(fù)合賓語。不定式作補(bǔ)語常表示將來；現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語常表示賓語與補(bǔ)語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系或正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞作補(bǔ)語常表示賓語與補(bǔ)語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系或已經(jīng)完成。如：
I can't go out with all these dishes to wash.
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
【典例分析】 (2024四川高考，8)I looked up and noticed a snake______its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A．to wind
B．wind
C．winding
D．wound
答案為C項(xiàng)。句意：我抬起頭來，注意到一條蛇為了捉到它的早餐，正盤旋著往樹上爬。在感官動(dòng)詞noticed后面，賓語a snake和wind為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)選現(xiàn)在分詞形式作補(bǔ)語，表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行。
(2024遼寧高考，25)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them.
A．to follow
B．following
C．followed
D．follows
答案為B項(xiàng)。句意：這對(duì)老年夫婦經(jīng)常晚飯后去公園散步，后面跟著他們的寵物狗。此處是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，可排除D項(xiàng)；由于賓語dog與follow之間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，可排除C項(xiàng)；不定式一般表示將來，可排除A項(xiàng)；答案為B項(xiàng)，現(xiàn)在分詞形式作補(bǔ)語。
考點(diǎn)七：非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式
1．非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.
2．不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式。
當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，不定式要用進(jìn)行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語為不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
