2024年山東省高考英語二輪復習:專題整合突破四 介詞和介詞短語

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2024年山東省高考英語二輪復習:專題整合突破四 介詞和介詞短語

  2024年高考第二輪復習英語山東版

  四、介詞和介詞短語

  真題試做

  1.(2011山東高考,30)I'm sorry I didn't phone you,but I've been very busy ______ the past couple of weeks.

  A.beyond B.with

  C.among

  D.over

  2.(2009山東高考,33) It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot ______ easy reach.

  A.near

  B.upon

  C.within

  D.around

  考向分析

  1.考查常用介詞和介詞短語的基本用法。從歷年全國及各省市高考題中可看出,介詞類考題常集中于一些常用介詞,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。

  2.考查常用介詞或介詞短語含義和用法的辨識能力。尤其是在一定的語言環境中,辨析意義相同或相近以及使用范圍不同的介詞或介詞短語。

  3.考查介詞與某些名詞、形容詞或動詞的各種搭配形式。特別是那些搭配繁多、用法靈活的介詞,不同的搭配可用來表示種種不同的意義。

  熱點例析

  考點一:表示時間的介詞

  1.in,on,at,over

  (1)in表示在一段時間之內。通常時間較長,如世紀、朝代、時代、年、季節、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:

  in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one's thirties等。

  (2)on表示具體的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:

  on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。

  (3)at表示在一個時間點上。指某一時刻或較短暫的時間,也泛指圣誕節,復活節等。如:

  at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。

  (4)over后面接一段時間,表示“超過……”或“在……期間”。 如:

  David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.

  (5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等詞之前一律不用介詞。如:

  He went to Japan last year.

  We meet every day.

  2.in,after

  (1)“in+一段時間”表示將來的一段時間之后。如:

  My mother will come back in three or four days.

  (2)“after+一段時間”表示過去的一段時間之后。如:

  He arrived after five months.

  (3)“after+具體時間”表示將來或過去的某一時刻之后。如:

  She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.

  The rain began to fall after seven.

  3.from,since,for

  (1)from后接具體時間,說明從什么時候開始,不說明某動作或情況持續多久。如:

  I hope to do morning exercises from today.

  (2)since后接具體過去時間,表示某動作或情況持續至說話時刻,通常與完成時連用。如:

  We have not seen each other since 2010.

  (3)for后接一段時間,通常與完成時連用。如:

  I have been

  in the army for 5 years.

  【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show ______ Christmas Eve.

  A.at 

  B.on

  C.in

  D.by

  答案為B項。具體的日期前介詞應用on。

  They had a pleasant chat ______ a cup of coffee.

  A.for

  B.with

  C.during

  D.over

  答案為D項。for和during都有“在……期間”之意,但后面通常接時間;with意為“隨著,用”;over意為“在(做)……期間,邊……邊……”。句意:他們邊喝咖啡邊進行了友好的交談。

  考點二:表示地點方位的介詞

  1.at,in,on,to

  (1)at表示在小地方或“在……附近;在……旁邊”。 如:

  He arrived at the station at ten.

  He is sitting at the desk.

  (2)in表示在大地方或“在……范圍之內”。 如:

  He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

  Shandong lies in the east of China.

  (3)on表示毗鄰或接壤。如:

  Russia lies on the north of China.

  (4)to表示“在……范圍外”,不強調是否接壤。如:

  Japan is to the east of China.

  2.above,over,on

  (1)above意為“在……上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不強調是否垂直,與 below相對。如:

  The bird is flying above my head.

  (2)over意為“在……之上”,表示垂直高于,與under相對。over強調與物體有一定的空間,不直接接觸。如:

  There is a bridge over the river.

  (3)on意為“在……之上”,表示在某物體上面并與之接觸。如:

  He put his watch on the desk.

  3.below,under

  (1)below表示“在……之下”,不一定在正下方。如:

  Please write your name below the line.

  (2)under表示“在……正下方”。 如:

  There is a cat under the table.

  【典例分析】 (2024遼寧高考,27)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place

  ______ the main road at the far end of the lake.

  A.to

  B.for

  C.off

  D.out

  答案為C項。句意:威爾酒店坐落于湖的彼岸遠離主干道的一個僻靜之處。此處off表示“離開,在……之外”。

  考點三:表示運動方向的介詞

  1.across,through

  (1)across表示從物體表面穿過,與on有關。如:

  across the playground/square/desert/river

  (2)over表示動作是在空中進行的。如:

  He jumped over the wall.

  (3)through表示從物體里面穿過,與in有關。也可表示時間,指“(從開始到結束)經歷了……”。如:

  through the pipe/forest/door

  We work hard all through the year.

  2.in,into

  (1)in通常表示靜態,意為“在……里面”。如:

  We walked in the park.我們在公園里走著。

  (2)into通常表示動態,意為“進入到……里面”。如:

  We walked into the park.我們走進了公園。

  【典例分析】 (2024北京高考,34)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?

  A.at

  B.on

  C.to

  D.across

  答案為D項。句意:你認為這件襯衣的肩寬是不是有點緊? across意為“橫跨,在(身體某部位)上”。

  考點四:表示原因的介詞

  1.for表示原因時,常與sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等詞連用。如:

  I am sorry for what I said to you.

  2.at表示引起某種情感變化的原因,常與表示看、聽或喜、怒、吃驚的詞連用,意為“因聽到或看到……而……”。如:

  He was surprised at the news.

  3.from常接抽象名詞表示自然、間接或外在的原因,如受傷、車禍等。如:

  He died from the wound.

  4.of多用于表示自身或內在的原因,如病、餓等。如:

  The old man died of hunger.

  5.with指生理上或情感上由外界到內心的原因。如:

  Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.

  He was shaking with anger.

  6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或無意中造成某種結果的原因。如:

  She took your umbrella by mistake.她錯拿了你的雨傘。

  7.over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等帶有感情色彩的動詞后,表示所發生的事情的原因。如:

  She wept over the death of her daughter.

  We laughed over the victory.

  8.because of 表示引起結果的直接原因。如:

  He retired last month because of his illness.

  9.thanks to表示引起某種幸運結果的原因,常意為“幸虧……,多虧……”。如:

  Thanks to John,we won the game.

  【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced ______ joy.

  A.to

  B.with

  C.at

  D.of

  答案為B項。該題應用with表示由于高興而又唱又跳。with表示原因時,一般指由于外界而影響到內部的原因。

  (2024河北保定調研,13)—How about your trip to Italy?

  —Oh,______ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed.

  A.but for

  B.thanks to

  C.in spite of

  D.because of

  答案為B項。句意:——你到意大利的旅行怎么樣? ——哦,幸虧天氣好,我們玩得很愉快。B項意為“幸虧,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是……”;in spite of表示“盡管……”;because of表示“因為……”,都與句意不符。

  考點五:表示計量的介詞

  1.at表示“以……速度;以……價格”。如:

  It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.

  I sold my car at a high price.

  2.for表示“用……交換;以……為代價”。如:

  He sold his car for 500 dollars.

  注意:at表示單價,for表示總錢數。

  3.by表示“以……計”,后跟度量單位。如:

  They paid him by the month.

  注意:by后接具體度量單位要加the。

  【典例分析】 He thought the jar made of earth ______ little value and let me have it ______ only one dollar.

  A.with;for

  B.of;for

  C.of;by

  D.with;by

  答案為B項。第一個空應用of,of little value/importance/use意為“沒大有價值、重要性、用處”;第二個空應用for,表示“以一美元為代價,用一美元交換”。

  考點六:表示工具或手段的介詞

  1.by意為“用某種方式”,后面的名詞不帶冠詞。如:

  I went there by bus.

  2.with表示“用某種工具”,后面的名詞需帶冠詞。如:

  He broke the window with a stone.

  3.in表示“用”時,后面的賓語不帶冠詞,且多為鉛筆、墨水、顏色、語言等。如:

  I hate letters written in pencil.

  We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.

  4.on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定詞組。如:

  They talked on the telephone.

  She learns English on the radio/on TV.

  【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form ______ ink not ______ a pencil,Jack.

  A.in;by

  B.with;in

  C.in;with

  D.by;in

  答案為C項。第一個空應用in表示“用墨水”;第二個空應用with表示“用……工具”,后面的名詞帶有冠詞。

  考點七:表示“在……之間”的介詞

  1.between表示在兩者之間。如:

  You are to sit between your father and me.

  2.among表示在三者或三者以上之間。如:

  He is always happy among his classmates.

  3.有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西,但強調多者中的兩兩關系時用between。如:

  Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.

  Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.

  【典例分析】 Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.

  A.among

  B.between

  C.along

  D.beside

  答案為A項。Four Chinese models是部分,the 14 people是整體,所以選among意為“在……之中”。

  考點八:表示“除了”的介詞

  1.besides表示“除……之外,還有……”。如:

  We all went to see the film besides you.

  除你之外我們也都去看電影了。

  2.except表示“除……外,把……除去”。 如:

  We all went to see the film except you.

  除你之外我們都去看電影了。

  3.but與except同義,但多用于不定代詞no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副詞nowhere/anywhere以及疑問代詞who之后。如:

  I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.

  4.except for表示“如無……就……,只是……”,多表明理由細節。如:

  His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

  5.except that表示“除……外,把……除去”,后面接句子。如:

  I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.

  6.apart from在不同的上下文中,既有besides的含義,又有except和except for的含義,要根據上下文來判別。如:

  Apart from/Besides English,he has a good command of Russian and French.

  He has no interests,apart from/except his work.

  It's a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.

  【典例分析】 Some people choose jobs for other reasons ______ money these days.

  A.for

  B.except

  C.besides

  D.with

  答案為C項。句意:如今一些人選擇工作時,除了錢的原因還有其他原因。besides表示“除……之外,還有……”;except表示“除……外,把……除去”。

  (2024濟南一中期末,23)______ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong Cuisine.

  A.Far from

  B.Regardless of

  C.Instead of

  D.Apart from

  答案為D項。far from意為“遠離,遠非”;apart from意為“除……以外”;instead of意為“代替,而不是”;regardless of意為“不管,不顧”。句意:除了優質的服務外,這個飯店提供了不同種類的傳統魯菜。

  考點九:介詞與某些詞類的習慣搭配

  1.介詞和名詞搭配時的習慣用法

  (1)名詞+in:difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。

  (2)名詞+to:attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。

  (3)名詞+on:attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。

  (4)名詞+with:bargain/chat/common/connection/conversation/talk等。

  2.介詞和形容詞搭配時的習慣用法

  (1)與of搭配:afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。

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