2024屆高考英語一輪復習 語法專題 虛擬語氣 外研版
語法專題七 虛擬語氣
英語中有三種不同的語氣：陳述語氣，祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實。
考點一 虛擬語氣用于條件句中
1．表示與現在事實相反：條件狀語從句中謂語動詞用一般過去時（be的過去式用were）；主句中謂語動詞用would（should，could，might）＋動詞原形。
If I were you，I would study hard.
2．表示與過去事實相反：條件狀語從句中謂語動詞用had＋過去分詞；主句中謂語動詞用would（should，could，might）＋have＋過去分詞。
If he had taken my advice，he would have passed the test.
3．表示與將來的事實相反：條件狀語從句中謂語動詞用一般過去時或should＋動詞原形或were to＋動詞原形；主句中謂語動詞用would（should，could，might）＋動詞原形。
If it were to rain tomorrow，they would not go to the cinema.
注意：1）if條件句中只要用了過去的時態就說明該句要使用虛擬語氣。
2）if條件句中只出現一個表示與將來事實相反的情態動詞should。
3）含有if條件句的虛擬語氣中，主句都要用情態動詞，且都可理解為過去式。
考點二 wish賓語從句中的虛擬語氣用法
在wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現在或過去的事實相反，或對將來的主觀愿望，從句中通常用虛擬語氣。從句中謂語動詞的構成形式為：
1．表示對現在情況的虛擬，從句中謂語動詞用過去式（be動詞一般用were）。
I wish it were spring now.
2．表示對過去情況的虛擬，從句中謂語動詞常用had＋過去分詞。
I wish he had come yesterday.
3．表示對將來的主觀愿望，從句中動詞常用would/could/might＋動詞原形。
I wish it would be fine tomorrow.
考點三 謂語動詞必須用“（should）＋動詞原形”的情況
1．表示“建議，要求，命令”的動詞：一堅持（insist），二命令（order，command），三建議（suggest，propose，advise），四要求（demand，require，request，ask）后面的賓語從句或是由it作形式主語的主語從句中的謂語動詞要用“（should）＋動詞原形”。這些詞相應的名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語動詞也要用“（should）＋動詞原形”。
The teacher ordered that the homework（should）be handed in on time.
It is suggested that the meeting（should）be put off.
My idea is that we（should）think it over.
注意： suggest作“表明，暗示”講時，不用虛擬語氣；insist作“堅持認為”講時，不用虛擬語氣。
The smile on his face suggested he was happy.
The boy insisted he hadn't stolen the money.
2．在It is important /strange/ natural/ necessary/a pity/a shame等＋that從句，表示情緒、觀點等，主語從句中的謂語動詞用“（should）＋動詞原形”，should可以省略。
It is a pity that he（should）refuse to accept the offer.
考點四 虛擬語氣在其他句型中的使用
1．在as if/ as though引導的狀語從句中，若從句與事實相反，則要用虛擬語氣。其形式如下：
主語＋as if/ though＋主語＋一般過去時（從句的動作與主句動作同時發生）
主語＋as if/ though＋主語＋would/could＋動詞原形（從句的動作相對主句來說在將來發生）
主語＋as if/ though＋主語＋過去完成時（從句的動作先發生于主句動作之前）
He talks as if he knew all about it. He walked slowly as though he had hurt his leg.
2．在It is（high）time that...句型中也用虛擬語氣，從句常用過去式，有時也用should＋動詞原形，should不可以省略。表示“是時候做……了”，含“建議”的意味。
It is time that we studied hard.
3．would rather后接動詞原形，但接從句時要用虛擬語氣（寧愿，但愿）。
would rather＋主語＋一般過去時（表示與現在或將來情況相反）
would rather＋主語＋過去完成時（表示與過去事實相反）
I'd rather he didn't go now.
I'd rather you hadn't told Mike the bad news.
4．if only “要是……就好了”。表示與現在或未來事實相反的愿望時，句子謂語動詞用一般過去時；表示與過去事實相反的愿望時，句子謂語動詞用過去完成時。
If only I had passed the driving test last week! 5．動詞hope，intend，mean，plan，want，think等詞的過去完成時形式，通常表示“本想，本打算，本認為”。
He had hoped to come to the party，but it began to rain.
考點五 含蓄虛擬條件句
有時候假設的情況不以if引導的條件句形式表現出來，而是通過一個介詞短語、連詞或其他形式表示。常用的詞或短語有：without，with，but for（要是沒有），otherwise，or，but等。
Without your help（＝If we had not had your help），we could not have finished the task.
He felt very tired yesterday，or/otherwise he would have come to the party.
考點六 錯綜時間條件句中的虛擬語氣
當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發生的時間不一致時，稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據各自主從句所表示的時間作出相應的調整。
If you had followed my advice，you would recover.（從句說的是過去，主句說的是現在）
If I were you，I would have gone abroad.（從句是現在，主句說的是過去）
考點七 省略if的虛擬語氣如果if從句中含有were/ should/ had時，則可以省略if，把這三個詞置于句首，采用倒裝語序。
If I were you，I would go to the party.→Were I you，I would go to the party.
If it should happen，what would you do？→Should it happen，what would you do?
If you had come earlier，you would catch the bus.→Had you come earlier，you would catch the bus.
1．（2024·北京高考）Don't handle the vase as if it ______ made of steel.
A．is B．were
C．has been
D．had been
2．（2024·浙江高考）Had they known what was coming next，they ______ second thoughts.
A．may have
B．could have
C．must have had
D．might have had
3．（2024·陜西高考）If my car ______ more reliable，I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.
A．was
B．had been
C．should be
D．would be
4．（2024·遼寧高考）Jack is a great talker.It's high time that he ______ something instead of just talking.
A．will do
B．has done
C．do
D．did
5．（2024·山東高考）If we ______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.
A．haven't made
B．wouldn't make
C．didn't make
D．hadn't made
6．（2024·安徽高考）Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she ______ there，she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.
A．lives
B．would live
C．has lived
D．were to live
7．（2024·福建高考）We lost our way in that small village，otherwise we ______ more places of interest yesterday.
A．visited
B．had visited
C．would visit
D．would have visited
8．（2024·湖南高考）Sorry，I am too busy now.If I ______ time，I would certainly go for an outing with you.
A．have had
B．had had
C．have
D．had
9．（2024·天津高考）We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold ______ us a ride home.
A．didn't offer
B．wouldn't offer
C．hasn't offered
D．hadn't offered
10．（2011·課標全國高考）They ______ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
A．will
B．can
C．must
D．should
11．（2011·北京高考）—Where are the children？The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they ______ always late.
A．weren't
B．hadn't been
C．wouldn't be
D．wouldn't have been
12．（2011·北京高考）Maybe if I ______ science，and not literature then，I would be able to give you more help.
A．studied
B．would study
C．had studied
D．was studying
13．（2011·天津高考）I ______ sooner but I didn't know that they were waiting for me.
A．had come
B．was coming
C．would come
D．would have come
14．（2011·福建高考）—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.
—I ______ it，but I was busy preparing for a job interview.
A．attended
B．had attended
C．would attend
D．would have attended
15．（2011·陜西高考）I______through that bitter period without your generous help.
A．couldn't have gone
B．didn't go
C．wouldn't go
D．hadn't gone
16．（2011·江西高考）We ______ John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
A．will put
B．will have put
C．would put
D．would have put17．What's your opinion of Mr Li's request that we ______ spend half an hour reading English aloud every morning?
A．must
B．would
C．should
D．could
18．I ran all the way to school yesterday，otherwise I ______ late for the annual talent show.
A．was
B．had been
C．would be
D．would have been
19．—What's your feeling now?
—I am terribly sorry.If only I ______here yesterday!
A．came
B．would have come
C．have come
D．had come
20．（2024·河北普通高中教學質監）I would have grabbed the ball if I ______ closer to it.
A．was
B．were
C．would be
D．had been
21．（2024·山西第二次四校聯考）It's everybody's desire that every effort ______ to reduce the pollution in our city.
A．was made
B．be madeC．will be made
D．would be made
22．（2024·北京東城區示范校綜合練習一）If he had decided where to go，he ______ on his way at present.
A．would be
B．would have been
C．is
D．were
23．（2024·河南中原名校聯考）Without your selfless help，I ______ such great progress.
A． can't make
B．couldn't have made
C．couldn't make
D．wouldn't make
24．（2024·浙江名校聯盟第一次聯考）______ a little earlier，you could have got a copy of his latest book.
A．If you would arrive
B．If you arrived
C．Should you arrive
D．Had you arrived
25．（2024·河南中原名校聯考）—How I wish I ______ the key with me!
—Then you would not have to wait for your wife's rescue.
A．had had
B．have had
C．had
D．have
1．B as if 條件句用虛擬語氣表示與現在的事實相反。句意：不要對待那個花瓶像它是由鋼制成似的。
2．D 句意：如果他們知道接下來會發生什么，他們可能就會再三考慮了。表示與過去事實相反的虛擬，主句用“might/could/should/would＋have done”。
3．B 根據would have driven 可知是與過去的事實相反，故if 條件句用過去完成時。句意：如果我的車子再可靠一點的話，我就會開車而不是乘飛機去拉薩了。
4．D 句意：杰克是個空談家。到了他做點事而不是夸夸其談的時候了。it is high time從句中要用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞多用一般過去時，或是should＋動詞原形，should 不能省略。故只有D項正確。
5．D 在if引導的條件虛擬句中，與過去情況相反的條件句用had done的形式，主句謂語為“情態動詞＋have done”形式。句意：如果我們沒有做好充分的準備，會議也就不會那么順利。故選D項。
6．D 句意：格雷斯不想搬到紐約去，因為她認為如果她住在那兒的話，就不能經常見到她的父母了。由句意可知，這是對將來事情的虛擬。故主句中要用“would＋動詞原形”，條件句中可以用were to do, 一般過去時態或者should ＋ do。所以只有D項符合題意。
7．D 由句子中的“我們在那個小村莊里迷了路”與otherwise可想到本題考查對過去事情的虛擬語氣；otherwise等于if we hadn't lost our way in that small village，因此其主句的謂語應用“would have done”的形式，故答案為D項。
8．D 句意：很抱歉，我現在很忙。要是我有時間，一定會與你去遠足的。根據句意可知，此處表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣，條件句中的謂語動詞要用過去式。故D項正確。
9．D 句意：昨天，如果不是哈羅德讓我們搭他的車回家，我們就叫輛出租車了。表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，條件句的謂語動詞用過去完成時。
10．D should have done意為“本該做某事（但實際上未做）”，符合句意。句意：他們本該在午飯的時候到達，但是他們的航班延誤了。A項為將來完成時；B項的can表推測，不能用于肯定句中；C項構成must have done結構，表示“一定做過某事”。
11．A 本題是考查wish后接虛擬語氣的用法，而且是對現在情況的虛擬，應用一般過去時表示。句意：——孩子們到哪兒去了？飯菜快涼了。——真希望他們不要總這么晚。
12．C 由“if I ...then”可知，從句是對過去事情的虛擬，應用過去完成時。句意：或許當時如果我學自然科學而不學文學的話，我就會給你更多的幫助。故選C項。
13．D 由空后的but I didn't know that they were waiting for me可知“我”并沒有早點來，因此第一句是一個虛擬語氣的句子。因為講述的過去的事情，所以句子應借助于“would＋have＋過去分詞”的形式。本句可以改為以下形式：I would have come sooner if I had known that they were waiting for me.句意：我本來能夠早點來，但是我不知道他們在等著我。故選D項。
