2024屆高考英語一輪復習 語法專題 非謂語動詞 外研版
語法專題三 非謂語動詞
在句中充當除謂語以外句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式(作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和表語)、動名詞(作主語、表語、賓語和定語)和分詞(作定語、補足語、狀語和表語)，分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞。從時間關系上看，不定式表將來，現在分詞表進行，過去分詞表完成，同時注意不定式和現在分詞的完成式也表完成(尤其是表示有明顯的先后關系的完成)；從主動與被動來看，不定式和現在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動，同時注意不定式和現在分詞的被動式也表被動(不定式的被動式在表被動的同時還兼表將來，現在分詞的被動式表被動的同時還兼表進行)。
考點一 非謂語動詞的時態和語態的基本用法
1．不定式、現在分詞或動名詞的動作若發生在謂語動詞的動作之前，就用完成式，否則，用一般式。不定式、現在分詞或動名詞與其邏輯主語若是主動關系，就用主動式，否則，用被動式。要注意此處的完成式并不等同于謂語動詞的現在完成時，相對于現在已經完成，它只強調動作的先后關系。
They worked day and night，sending supplies to the flooded areas.（雖然send動作已經完成，但相對于work來說卻是同時的，不是發生在它之前）
Not having received the call，Tom returned home.（顯然是先未接到電話，然后又回家，有明顯的先后關系）
2．being done所表示的時間概念并非全是正在進行，要分清是現在分詞還是動名詞。
Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin.（只強調動作是被動，為動名詞作主語，并不表示動作正在進行）
The problem being discussed is very important.（強調被動、進行，此處是現在分詞，表示動作正在進行）
3．判斷語態時學會找非謂語的邏輯主語：作定語時，被修飾的詞是其邏輯主語；作狀語時，句子的主語是其邏輯主語；作補語時，句子的賓語或主語是其邏輯主語。若是系動詞則一定用主動式，或是非謂語形式后面接賓語也多為主動式。
The teacher came in，following our monitor.
考點二 分詞與不定式作狀語的區別
1．作目的狀語和結果狀語的通常是不定式，分詞一般作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語。
不定式放句首作狀語，只表目的；作結果狀語時表示出乎意料的、令人不愉快的結果。而現在分詞不能表示目的，作結果狀語時也表示伴隨謂語動詞動作的發生而產生的自然結果（同時發生），有時在前面加上thus，謂語動詞與現在分詞是因果關系。
To catch the train，he got up early.But he reached the station only to be told that the train was delayed.
2．要注意非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為句子的主語。因此要注意主語前后一致。
To improve English，his father bought him many books.（× ）（improve的邏輯主語為he，而不是his father）
Walking in the street，a car knocked the boy down.（×）（walk的邏輯主語為the boy，而不是a car）
3．不定式可以跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的形容詞后面作原因狀語或用于too...to do sth.，so...as to do sth.，enough...to do sth.等結構中作結果狀語。I am happy to meet you here.
The boy is old enough to go to school.
4．獨立成分作狀語，其形式不受前后文的影響。considering...（鑒于/考慮到……）；generally speaking（總的來說）；judging by/from...（從……來看，依據……來判斷）；supposing that...（假定……）；providing that...（假定……）；owing to...（由于……）；talking/speaking of...（談及……）；given...（考慮到……）；provided that...（如果……）；to tell the truth（實話實說）；to be honest（老實說）。
Generally speaking，it is hot in summer in this area.
考點三 不定式和分詞作補語的區別
1．表示感覺的動詞，可以簡單歸納為：一感（feel）二聽（hear，listen）三讓（let，make，have）四看（see，watch，notice，observe等），其后可以跟不帶to的不定式或者分詞作賓補。不定式表示動作的全過程，說明某事已發生；用現在分詞表示動作正在進行，還未結束。現在分詞和賓語之間存在邏輯上的主動關系；用過去分詞表示被動和完成，時間性不強。過去分詞和賓語之間存在邏輯上的被動關系。
I saw my mother crying，which made me puzzled.
2．find，leave（使……處于某種狀態），keep（使……保持某種狀態）后一般跟分詞作補足語，而不跟動詞不定式。
What you said left me thinking.
3．常用不定式作賓補的詞：wish，want，ask，require/request，order，warn，allow/permit，forbid，expect，remind，encourage，inspire，call on，depend on等。
We depend on you to help us out of trouble.
考點四 非謂語作定語的區別
1．不定式作定語。
不定式作定語常表示該動作尚未發生；被修飾的詞為ability，chance，idea，fact，promise，attempt，belief等抽象名詞時一般用不定式作定語；
不定式常用于不定代詞或被the first/next/only/last等修飾的名詞后作定語；如果作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞有動賓關系，在不及物動詞后通常要加上適當的介詞。
He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
He has become the first to go abroad in our town.
He wanted to find a place to live in.
2．動名詞作定語。
動名詞作定語表示被修飾詞的用途，與被修飾詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂關系。
A sleeping pill will help you to fall asleep quickly.
3．現在分詞作定語。
當被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動關系時，用v.-ing形式；當為被動關系且表示動作正在進行時用being＋過去分詞；當被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關系且動作已經完成時，要用過去分詞形式，現在分詞的完成時不作定語。現在分詞作定語一般要求其動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生或在說話時該動作正在進行，否則就用定語從句。
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.
The houses being built are for the students.
4．過去分詞作定語。
過去分詞作定語與被修飾詞之間存在邏輯上的被動關系，表示動作已完成。及物動詞的過去分詞作定語表示被動完成，少數不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語只表示完成，不表被動。
The retired worker was sweeping the fallen leaves on the road.
考點五 非謂語動詞作賓語的區別
1．通常跟不定式作賓語的詞有：afford，agree，want，wish，hope，refuse，manage，ask，offer，promise，pretend，decide，learn，determine，expect，beg，choose，intend，attempt，fail，claim，long（v.），plan，prepare，would like（love），prefer，seek等。
Don't pretend to be reading.
2．通常跟動名詞作賓語的詞有：acknowledge，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，feel like，finish，imagine，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，resist，risk，suggest，stand等。
I'm considering buying a new car.
3．有些動詞的后面可用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但是意義有別。這些動詞有：forget，remember，regret，mean，stop，try，can't help，go on等。
Don't forget to call me.（別忘記給我打電話。）
I forgot meeting you here.（我忘記在這里遇見過你了。）
4．need，want，deserve，require（表示需要，值得）＋動名詞表被動意義，相當于用不定式的被動式。
The man who wanted to steal money deserved punishing.
5．在like，hate，prefer等動詞后，表示具體的、一次性的或將來的動作用不定式；表示一般的、泛指的或習慣性的行為用動名詞。
I like watching TV，but I don't like to do that this evening because I am too busy.
考點六 獨立主格結構
獨立主格結構是英語中的一個特殊短語結構，它只有邏輯上的主語（名詞或代詞充當）和謂語（一般用分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、數詞、介詞短語來充當），而沒有語法意義上的主語和謂語，主要用于書面語中，在口語中不常用，在句子中起狀語作用，相當于一個狀語從句，表示時間、原因、方式、條件、伴隨情況等，用于修飾整個句子。“with＋賓語＋賓語補足語”也是獨立主格結構的一種形式。
The weather being so fine，we decided to go for an outing.
With you to help us，we will make much progress.
考點七 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義
1．在“be＋表示特征、性質的形容詞＋不定式”結構中；該結構中常用的形容詞有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous，cheap，fit，heavy，happy，glad，pleasant，sorry，lucky，surprised，angry，able，right，ready，clever，foolish，quick，slow，polite，wrong等。這類形容詞往往說明產生這種特性或情緒的原因。要注意不定式當中動詞要用主動式，且是及物動詞或是“不及物動詞＋介詞”的形式。
He is easy to get along with
2．不定式與疑問詞連用時。
I don't know what to do.
3．某些動詞（如blame/seek/let等）的不定式與be動詞連用時。
He is to blame for the accident.
考點八 固定句式
1．It is/was no use/good doing sth.
2．It is/was of little use/good doing sth.
3．It is/was not any use/good doing sth.
4．There is no point in doing sth.
5．There is no possibility of doing sth.
It is no good reading such books.
There is no point in waiting for him.
1．（2024·課標全國高考）The party will be held in the garden，weather ______.
A．permitting B．to permit
C．permitted
D．permit
2．（2024·課標全國高考）Film has a much shorter history，especially when ______ such art forms as music and painting.
A．having compared to
B．comparing to
C．compare to
D．compared to
3．（2024·上海高考）The club，______ 25 years ago，is holding a party for past and present members.
A．founded
B．founding
C．being founded
D．to be founded
4．（2024·全國高考Ⅱ）The old man sat in front of the television every evening，happy ______ anything that happened to be on.
A．to watch
B．watching
C．watched
D．to have watched
5．（2024·北京高考）One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A．corrects
B．correct
C．to correct
D．correcting
6．（2024·北京高考）______ with care，one tin will last for six weeks.
A．Use
B．Using
C．Used
D．To use
7．（2024·北京高考）Bird's singing is warning to other birds ______ away.
A．to stay
B．staying
C．stayed
D．stay
8．（2024·天津高考）He got up late and hurried to his office，______ the breakfast untouched.
A．left
B．to leave
C．leaving
D．having left
9．（2024·上海高考）As Jack left his membership card at home，he wasn't allowed ______ into the sports club.
A．going
B．to go
C．go
D．gone
10．（2024·上海高考）When Peter speaks in public，he always has trouble ______ the right things to say.
A．thinking of
B．to think of
C．thought of
D．think of
11．（2024·全國高考Ⅱ）Tony lent me the money，______ that I'd do as much for him.
A．hoping
B．to hope
C．hoped
D．having hoped
12．（2024·上海高考）“Genius” is a complicated concept，______ many different factors.
A．involved
B．involving
C．to involve
D．being involved
13．（2024·重慶高考）______ to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.
A．Having been asked
B．To ask
C．Having asked
D．To be asked
14．（2024·重慶高考）We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A．to be made
B．being made
C．made
D．having been made
15．（2024·安徽高考）I remembered ______ the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
A．locking
B．to lock
C．having locked
D．to have locked
16．（2024·安徽高考）When ______for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
A．asking
B．asked
C．having asked
D．to be asked
17．（2024·福建高考）China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ______ in the South China Sea.
A．attacking
B．having attacked
C．being attacked
D．having been attacked
18．（2024·福建高考）Pressed from his parents，and ______ that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
A．realizing
B．realized
C．to realize
D．being realized
19．（2024·湖南高考）We've had a good start，but next，more work needs ______ to achieve the final success.
A．being done
B．do
C．to be done
D．to do
20．（2024·山東高考）George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him.
A．to be told
B．telling
C．being told
D．told
21．（2024·湖南高考）The lecture，______ at 7：00 pm last night，was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A．starting
B．being started
C．to start
D．to be started
22．（2024·江蘇高考）______ an important decision more on emotion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later.
A．Based
B．Basing
C．Base
D．To base
23．（2024·江西高考）Having finished her project，she was invited by the school ______ to the new students.
A．speaking
B．having spoken
C．to speak
D．to have spoken
24．（2024·江西高考）John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ______ him it.
