Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

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Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

你問我答 Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

Play audio file 本期節(jié)目的問題 I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

本期節(jié)目內(nèi)容簡介 Metonymy 和 synecdoche 是兩個發(fā)音和拼寫都比較難的詞語。但是在英語語言中,它們都可以指“用一物替代另一物”的修辭手法。比如,The White House 經(jīng)常被記者用來代替 the American government 美國政府。這種修辭手法是 metonymy 還是 synecdoche?又會不會既是 metonymy 換喻,也是 synecdoche 提喻呢?Suit 西裝,套裝這個詞可以被用作比喻什么?在本期節(jié)目中,我們將一起來學(xué)習(xí)這兩種修辭手法。

歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請通過微博 @BBC英語教學(xué) 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk.

文字稿 (關(guān)于臺詞的備注: 請注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過程中對節(jié)目做出的改變。)

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大家好,歡迎收聽BBC英語教學(xué)的《你問我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲。我們通過這檔節(jié)目來回答大家在英語學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的難題。本期節(jié)目要回答的問題來自 Michael 小益,請聽問題。

Question

I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

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首先,通過這個問題可以推斷出 Michael 對英語知識的掌握很不錯。他的問題是關(guān)于英語中的修辭法 figure of speech。 其實(shí),雖然每位英語為母語的人士可能在日常對話中會自然地用到各種修辭手法,但他們不一定都能講得出這些修辭手法是什么、怎么用。Michael 問到的這兩個修辭法分別是 metonymy 和 synecdoche。Metonymy 的中文意思是“換喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻”,synecdoche 的意思是“提喻”。這兩個修辭手法有區(qū)別嗎?答案是有區(qū)別的,那它們的區(qū)別大嗎?Synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種嗎?在以下的節(jié)目中,我來給大家一一解答。

咱們先來聽一個和 metonymy 相關(guān)的例句。

Example">Example

The White House praised volunteers for their efforts.

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我們來分析一下:在上面的例句中,“The White House 白色的房子”表揚(yáng)了志愿者;但你想一想,一座房子怎么能會說話呢?所以,很明顯,這里的 The White House 指的是美國政府,所以這句話也可以這樣表達(dá)。

Example">Example

The American government praised volunteers for their efforts.

美國政府對志愿者所付出的勞動進(jìn)行了贊揚(yáng)。

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在以上的兩個句子中,The White House 和 The American government 指的是同一個事物,所表達(dá)的意思也一樣。這也就是英語中的轉(zhuǎn)喻 metonymy,用一個事物來取代另一個相關(guān)事物。這種修辭手法可以使語言更豐富、更生動,也可以避免重復(fù)。在資訊寫作中,轉(zhuǎn)喻 - 這個修辭手法會經(jīng)常被用來幫助創(chuàng)造多樣性。請?jiān)俾爟蓚€例句。

Example">Example">Example">Example

Tokyo said preparations for the Olympics were going smoothly.

東京先前表示奧運(yùn)會籌備工作進(jìn)展順利。

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這里,很顯然,Tokyo 指的是 the Japanese government 日本政府。再請聽下一個例句。

Example">Example">Example">Example

I studied Dickens at university.

我在大學(xué)期間主修狄更斯。

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在這句話中,Dickens 指的是“狄更斯的作品”,他所有的小說,比如 Oliver Twist 《霧都孤兒》等等所有的作品,而不是狄更斯本人。我們可以用 Dickens 來代替 Dickens's works。好了,上面所講的是轉(zhuǎn)喻。那什么是 synecdoche 提喻?

先請大家想象這么一個場景,你剛買了一輛豪華轎車,你的朋友看了你的車后,說了下面這句話。

Example">Example">Example">Example

Wow, nice wheels, mate!

哇,車輪子不錯啊,哥們。

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在這個語境中,“nice wheels 漂亮的車輪子”其實(shí)表達(dá)的意思就是 nice car 好車。Wheels 車輪是汽車的一部分,那么提喻 synecdoche 通常用事物的一部分來取代指它的整體。我們還是用幾個例句來具體地分析一下。請聽第一個例句。

Example">Example

The company sent a couple of suits to deal with the problem.

公司派了“幾套西服”去處理這個問題。

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你能通過上下文判斷出這句話中“suit”所指的是什么嗎?Suit 這個詞本身的意思是西裝,套裝,但當(dāng)它被用在商圈 business circle 里的時候則指高管人士,或虛空假面的決策者; 這些人共有的特征是都穿西裝。再來聽下一個例句。

Example">Example

I gave my neighbour a hand in his garden.

我在鄰居的花園里給他了“一只手”。

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“一只手 a hand ”用在這里的意思是幫助,“我在他的院子里幫他”,幫他的過程雖然是用到了一只手,但肯定不是全部。

剛才我們說了,metonymy 是用一個事物來取代另一個相關(guān)事物,那么 synecdoche 則是用事物本身的一部分來替代其整體。

那么,在 Michael 的問題中,他說他覺得 synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種,這個說法是成立的,因?yàn)?metonymy 換喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻比 synecdoche 提喻覆蓋的面更廣,可以說 metonymy 其實(shí)包含了 synecdoche。

假如我們要說 The White House 是 the American government 的一部分,那么這既可以是 synecdoche 提喻也可以是 metonymy 換喻,兩種修辭手段都成立,因?yàn)榘讓m本身是美國政府的一部分。

其實(shí),在使用英語時,重要的是正確、自然地使用語言,如果能再添加幾分個人的創(chuàng)造力在其中,當(dāng)然就再好不過了。在平時的英語學(xué)習(xí)中,我們可以注意觀察使用了這兩種修辭手法的語境,但也不必過于糾結(jié)哪個是 synecdoche,哪個又是 metonymy 。別忘了,“The pen is mightier than the sword 筆墨勝過刀劍”。 你現(xiàn)在是不是又再想這里到底用的是 synecdoche 還是 metonymy?好了,別再糾結(jié)了。

好了,如果你在英語學(xué)習(xí)中遇到難題,歡迎你向我們提問。問題可以發(fā)送到我們的郵箱 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk 你也可以通過微博“BBC英語教學(xué)”聯(lián)系我們。好了,感謝收聽本期《你問我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲,下次再會。

你問我答 Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

Play audio file 本期節(jié)目的問題 I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

本期節(jié)目內(nèi)容簡介 Metonymy 和 synecdoche 是兩個發(fā)音和拼寫都比較難的詞語。但是在英語語言中,它們都可以指“用一物替代另一物”的修辭手法。比如,The White House 經(jīng)常被記者用來代替 the American government 美國政府。這種修辭手法是 metonymy 還是 synecdoche?又會不會既是 metonymy 換喻,也是 synecdoche 提喻呢?Suit 西裝,套裝這個詞可以被用作比喻什么?在本期節(jié)目中,我們將一起來學(xué)習(xí)這兩種修辭手法。

歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請通過微博 @BBC英語教學(xué) 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk.

文字稿 (關(guān)于臺詞的備注: 請注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過程中對節(jié)目做出的改變。)

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大家好,歡迎收聽BBC英語教學(xué)的《你問我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲。我們通過這檔節(jié)目來回答大家在英語學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的難題。本期節(jié)目要回答的問題來自 Michael 小益,請聽問題。

Question

I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

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首先,通過這個問題可以推斷出 Michael 對英語知識的掌握很不錯。他的問題是關(guān)于英語中的修辭法 figure of speech。 其實(shí),雖然每位英語為母語的人士可能在日常對話中會自然地用到各種修辭手法,但他們不一定都能講得出這些修辭手法是什么、怎么用。Michael 問到的這兩個修辭法分別是 metonymy 和 synecdoche。Metonymy 的中文意思是“換喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻”,synecdoche 的意思是“提喻”。這兩個修辭手法有區(qū)別嗎?答案是有區(qū)別的,那它們的區(qū)別大嗎?Synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種嗎?在以下的節(jié)目中,我來給大家一一解答。

咱們先來聽一個和 metonymy 相關(guān)的例句。

Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example

The White House praised volunteers for their efforts.

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我們來分析一下:在上面的例句中,“The White House 白色的房子”表揚(yáng)了志愿者;但你想一想,一座房子怎么能會說話呢?所以,很明顯,這里的 The White House 指的是美國政府,所以這句話也可以這樣表達(dá)。

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The American government praised volunteers for their efforts.

美國政府對志愿者所付出的勞動進(jìn)行了贊揚(yáng)。

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在以上的兩個句子中,The White House 和 The American government 指的是同一個事物,所表達(dá)的意思也一樣。這也就是英語中的轉(zhuǎn)喻 metonymy,用一個事物來取代另一個相關(guān)事物。這種修辭手法可以使語言更豐富、更生動,也可以避免重復(fù)。在資訊寫作中,轉(zhuǎn)喻 - 這個修辭手法會經(jīng)常被用來幫助創(chuàng)造多樣性。請?jiān)俾爟蓚€例句。

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Tokyo said preparations for the Olympics were going smoothly.

東京先前表示奧運(yùn)會籌備工作進(jìn)展順利。

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這里,很顯然,Tokyo 指的是 the Japanese government 日本政府。再請聽下一個例句。

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I studied Dickens at university.

我在大學(xué)期間主修狄更斯。

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在這句話中,Dickens 指的是“狄更斯的作品”,他所有的小說,比如 Oliver Twist 《霧都孤兒》等等所有的作品,而不是狄更斯本人。我們可以用 Dickens 來代替 Dickens's works。好了,上面所講的是轉(zhuǎn)喻。那什么是 synecdoche 提喻?

先請大家想象這么一個場景,你剛買了一輛豪華轎車,你的朋友看了你的車后,說了下面這句話。

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Wow, nice wheels, mate!

哇,車輪子不錯啊,哥們。

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在這個語境中,“nice wheels 漂亮的車輪子”其實(shí)表達(dá)的意思就是 nice car 好車。Wheels 車輪是汽車的一部分,那么提喻 synecdoche 通常用事物的一部分來取代指它的整體。我們還是用幾個例句來具體地分析一下。請聽第一個例句。

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The company sent a couple of suits to deal with the problem.

公司派了“幾套西服”去處理這個問題。

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你能通過上下文判斷出這句話中“suit”所指的是什么嗎?Suit 這個詞本身的意思是西裝,套裝,但當(dāng)它被用在商圈 business circle 里的時候則指高管人士,或虛空假面的決策者; 這些人共有的特征是都穿西裝。再來聽下一個例句。

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I gave my neighbour a hand in his garden.

我在鄰居的花園里給他了“一只手”。

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“一只手 a hand ”用在這里的意思是幫助,“我在他的院子里幫他”,幫他的過程雖然是用到了一只手,但肯定不是全部。

剛才我們說了,metonymy 是用一個事物來取代另一個相關(guān)事物,那么 synecdoche 則是用事物本身的一部分來替代其整體。

那么,在 Michael 的問題中,他說他覺得 synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種,這個說法是成立的,因?yàn)?metonymy 換喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻比 synecdoche 提喻覆蓋的面更廣,可以說 metonymy 其實(shí)包含了 synecdoche。

假如我們要說 The White House 是 the American government 的一部分,那么這既可以是 synecdoche 提喻也可以是 metonymy 換喻,兩種修辭手段都成立,因?yàn)榘讓m本身是美國政府的一部分。

其實(shí),在使用英語時,重要的是正確、自然地使用語言,如果能再添加幾分個人的創(chuàng)造力在其中,當(dāng)然就再好不過了。在平時的英語學(xué)習(xí)中,我們可以注意觀察使用了這兩種修辭手法的語境,但也不必過于糾結(jié)哪個是 synecdoche,哪個又是 metonymy 。別忘了,“The pen is mightier than the sword 筆墨勝過刀劍”。 你現(xiàn)在是不是又再想這里到底用的是 synecdoche 還是 metonymy?好了,別再糾結(jié)了。

好了,如果你在英語學(xué)習(xí)中遇到難題,歡迎你向我們提問。問題可以發(fā)送到我們的郵箱 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk 你也可以通過微博“BBC英語教學(xué)”聯(lián)系我們。好了,感謝收聽本期《你問我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲,下次再會。

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