真正的深入理解，教你告別單調(diào)記憶
“I knew the answer to that question! I just couldn’t remember it for the test!”
“我記得這個問題的答案，只是在測試中想不起來!”
Have you ever left an exam feeling this way? It’s a common problem that students encounter, and the problem really stems from the fact that we sometimes memorize when we study when we should be learning when we study.
你是否曾經(jīng)在測試中有這樣的感受?這是學(xué)生遇到的很常見的問題，產(chǎn)生這種問題的原因是當(dāng)我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)知識時，我們只是記憶了知識。
If we simply memorize information as we prepare for an exam, the information is bound to fade from our memory--and sometimes it fades before we need it!Some studies say that we lose up to eighty percent of what we take in.
如果我們在準(zhǔn)備考試時只是簡單地記憶了知識，那么這些知識會逐漸忘記，有時甚至在我們使用之前就會忘記!一些研究表明我們會遺忘80%我們記憶的知識。
Information stored to short term memory is also difficult to recall when we're under stress. And we're normally under some stress during an exam.
在壓力較大時，短期記憶的知識同樣難以回憶起來。而在考試中我們都面臨一定的壓力。
So how do we make sure that we’re learning as opposed to memorizing?
那么我們?nèi)绾未_定我們掌握了知識而不是簡單記憶知識呢?
1, Identify learning outcomes. This sounds like stating the obvious—you’re supposed to learn the material in the book, right?
1.確定學(xué)習(xí)成果。這聽起來很容易，你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)課本中的材料，不是嗎?
But in reality, the answer is not so obvious. Your learning outcome will be different from one class to another.
但實際上，這個問題的答案并不簡單。你的學(xué)習(xí)成果每堂課都是不一樣的。
For example, in math class, it is obvious that you will learn steps for solving problems, but the real learning outcome is that you understand the meaning of the steps.You must understand they why of everything you do to solve an equation, although this can happen after you've practiced and memorized the steps. If you don’t, you will not be able to answer problems that are slightly different from those you’ve practiced.
例如，在數(shù)學(xué)課上，你可以學(xué)到解決問題的步驟，但真正的學(xué)習(xí)成果是你對解決方法的理解。你需要理解解方程時的每一步，盡管這些問題都是在你理解和記憶步驟的基礎(chǔ)上。如果不能理解知識，在解決一些和你的練習(xí)有出入的問題時，你可能無法解決問題。
Every teacher has learning outcomes in mind when he or she designs the class. You will probably find the expected outcomes listed on your class syllabus. If you can’t find them this way, then simply ask the instructor.
老師都會在設(shè)計課程時預(yù)期課程的結(jié)果。你可以根據(jù)課程的教學(xué)大綱來預(yù)期應(yīng)該達(dá)到的學(xué)習(xí)成果。如果這樣不能明確要求的話，也可以直接詢問教師應(yīng)打到的學(xué)習(xí)成果。
2. Read to understand. How long does it take you to read an entire textbook chapter? When you read to understand, it should take you a few days! Don’t worry, you don’t have to spend an entire two days reading.
2.以理解為目的的閱讀。你閱讀整本書花費多長時間呢?當(dāng)你為了理解而閱讀的時候，可能會花費幾天的時間。
When you read a textbook chapter, you should preview the material and observe topics and subtopics. If you are very intentional about this, it will provide a framework for the information you’ll read.
當(dāng)你閱讀一本教科書一章時,你應(yīng)該預(yù)覽材料并且觀察每章的總標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題。如果你留意這些信息,它將為你閱讀的內(nèi)容提供一個知識框架。
As you read the chapter, be sure to notice and look up any words you can’t define on your own.
在你閱讀章節(jié)的時候，一定要關(guān)注并且查找任何你不熟悉的詞匯(無法給出定義)。
Stop after each paragraph or page and close your eyes. Summarize what you’ve read in your mind. If you can’t, go back and review until you can summarize.
在閱讀完段落或頁面之后閉上眼總結(jié)你讀到的內(nèi)容。如果無法總結(jié)出，則返回再閱讀直到可以總結(jié)出。
A day after you’ve read the chapter, go back and review. Any time you revisit information you’ve taken in, it makes the information sink in further.
在你閱讀完章節(jié)內(nèi)容一天之后進行復(fù)讀。任何一次對知識的復(fù)習(xí)，你都會更深地掌握知識。
3. Test yourself. Practice tests are the best tools for determining whether you’ve learned information or you’ve merely memorized steps and definitions. But your practice test must be challenging.
3.自我測試。測試練習(xí)是自我檢測的有效工具，可以幫助判斷你是記憶了步驟和定義還是真正學(xué)習(xí)了知識。但你的練習(xí)測試需要具有一定的難度。
Team up with a study partner and challenge each other with practice exams. What if a study partner isn't an option? You can still test yourself.
可以和你的學(xué)習(xí)伙伴組隊來相互測試。當(dāng)不能和學(xué)習(xí)伙伴一同測試時，你仍然可以進行自我測試。
In a class with lots of terms and definitions to learn, use a stack of flashcards to begin the process of memorizing the definitions. Then, (once you have memorized them all) choose two random terms and see if you can describe how they are related to each other. It's a kind of do-it-yourself essay question.
在一些有很多專業(yè)術(shù)語和定義的課程中，你可以制作一疊卡片開始記憶這些定義。然后，(一旦你可以全部記憶單個的定義或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語)，可以隨機選擇兩個術(shù)語來測試自己是否能描述清楚這兩者之間的聯(lián)系。這是一種簡單的自我問答形式。
4. Teach others. One of the best ways to turn a memorized fact into a learned fact is to teach others. This activity also requires that you team up with one or more students in your class. Put a study group together and assign topics from your study guide or chapter questions. Then have each student take a turn to teach the others.
4.教授給其他人。另外一種可以將記憶的轉(zhuǎn)化轉(zhuǎn)化為理解的內(nèi)容便是教授給他人。這個活動同樣需要與班內(nèi)的其他人合作(一個或多個)。組建一個學(xué)習(xí)團隊并且按學(xué)習(xí)指南或章節(jié)問題為每個人分配主題。然后每個學(xué)生依次輪流為其他人講授。
“I knew the answer to that question! I just couldn’t remember it for the test!”
“我記得這個問題的答案，只是在測試中想不起來!”
Have you ever left an exam feeling this way? It’s a common problem that students encounter, and the problem really stems from the fact that we sometimes memorize when we study when we should be learning when we study.
你是否曾經(jīng)在測試中有這樣的感受?這是學(xué)生遇到的很常見的問題，產(chǎn)生這種問題的原因是當(dāng)我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)知識時，我們只是記憶了知識。
If we simply memorize information as we prepare for an exam, the information is bound to fade from our memory--and sometimes it fades before we need it!Some studies say that we lose up to eighty percent of what we take in.
如果我們在準(zhǔn)備考試時只是簡單地記憶了知識，那么這些知識會逐漸忘記，有時甚至在我們使用之前就會忘記!一些研究表明我們會遺忘80%我們記憶的知識。
Information stored to short term memory is also difficult to recall when we're under stress. And we're normally under some stress during an exam.
在壓力較大時，短期記憶的知識同樣難以回憶起來。而在考試中我們都面臨一定的壓力。
So how do we make sure that we’re learning as opposed to memorizing?
那么我們?nèi)绾未_定我們掌握了知識而不是簡單記憶知識呢?
1, Identify learning outcomes. This sounds like stating the obvious—you’re supposed to learn the material in the book, right?
1.確定學(xué)習(xí)成果。這聽起來很容易，你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)課本中的材料，不是嗎?
But in reality, the answer is not so obvious. Your learning outcome will be different from one class to another.
但實際上，這個問題的答案并不簡單。你的學(xué)習(xí)成果每堂課都是不一樣的。
For example, in math class, it is obvious that you will learn steps for solving problems, but the real learning outcome is that you understand the meaning of the steps.You must understand they why of everything you do to solve an equation, although this can happen after you've practiced and memorized the steps. If you don’t, you will not be able to answer problems that are slightly different from those you’ve practiced.
例如，在數(shù)學(xué)課上，你可以學(xué)到解決問題的步驟，但真正的學(xué)習(xí)成果是你對解決方法的理解。你需要理解解方程時的每一步，盡管這些問題都是在你理解和記憶步驟的基礎(chǔ)上。如果不能理解知識，在解決一些和你的練習(xí)有出入的問題時，你可能無法解決問題。
Every teacher has learning outcomes in mind when he or she designs the class. You will probably find the expected outcomes listed on your class syllabus. If you can’t find them this way, then simply ask the instructor.
老師都會在設(shè)計課程時預(yù)期課程的結(jié)果。你可以根據(jù)課程的教學(xué)大綱來預(yù)期應(yīng)該達(dá)到的學(xué)習(xí)成果。如果這樣不能明確要求的話，也可以直接詢問教師應(yīng)打到的學(xué)習(xí)成果。
2. Read to understand. How long does it take you to read an entire textbook chapter? When you read to understand, it should take you a few days! Don’t worry, you don’t have to spend an entire two days reading.
2.以理解為目的的閱讀。你閱讀整本書花費多長時間呢?當(dāng)你為了理解而閱讀的時候，可能會花費幾天的時間。
When you read a textbook chapter, you should preview the material and observe topics and subtopics. If you are very intentional about this, it will provide a framework for the information you’ll read.
當(dāng)你閱讀一本教科書一章時,你應(yīng)該預(yù)覽材料并且觀察每章的總標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題。如果你留意這些信息,它將為你閱讀的內(nèi)容提供一個知識框架。
As you read the chapter, be sure to notice and look up any words you can’t define on your own.
在你閱讀章節(jié)的時候，一定要關(guān)注并且查找任何你不熟悉的詞匯(無法給出定義)。
Stop after each paragraph or page and close your eyes. Summarize what you’ve read in your mind. If you can’t, go back and review until you can summarize.
在閱讀完段落或頁面之后閉上眼總結(jié)你讀到的內(nèi)容。如果無法總結(jié)出，則返回再閱讀直到可以總結(jié)出。
A day after you’ve read the chapter, go back and review. Any time you revisit information you’ve taken in, it makes the information sink in further.
在你閱讀完章節(jié)內(nèi)容一天之后進行復(fù)讀。任何一次對知識的復(fù)習(xí)，你都會更深地掌握知識。
3. Test yourself. Practice tests are the best tools for determining whether you’ve learned information or you’ve merely memorized steps and definitions. But your practice test must be challenging.
3.自我測試。測試練習(xí)是自我檢測的有效工具，可以幫助判斷你是記憶了步驟和定義還是真正學(xué)習(xí)了知識。但你的練習(xí)測試需要具有一定的難度。
Team up with a study partner and challenge each other with practice exams. What if a study partner isn't an option? You can still test yourself.
可以和你的學(xué)習(xí)伙伴組隊來相互測試。當(dāng)不能和學(xué)習(xí)伙伴一同測試時，你仍然可以進行自我測試。
In a class with lots of terms and definitions to learn, use a stack of flashcards to begin the process of memorizing the definitions. Then, (once you have memorized them all) choose two random terms and see if you can describe how they are related to each other. It's a kind of do-it-yourself essay question.
在一些有很多專業(yè)術(shù)語和定義的課程中，你可以制作一疊卡片開始記憶這些定義。然后，(一旦你可以全部記憶單個的定義或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語)，可以隨機選擇兩個術(shù)語來測試自己是否能描述清楚這兩者之間的聯(lián)系。這是一種簡單的自我問答形式。
4. Teach others. One of the best ways to turn a memorized fact into a learned fact is to teach others. This activity also requires that you team up with one or more students in your class. Put a study group together and assign topics from your study guide or chapter questions. Then have each student take a turn to teach the others.
4.教授給其他人。另外一種可以將記憶的轉(zhuǎn)化轉(zhuǎn)化為理解的內(nèi)容便是教授給他人。這個活動同樣需要與班內(nèi)的其他人合作(一個或多個)。組建一個學(xué)習(xí)團隊并且按學(xué)習(xí)指南或章節(jié)問題為每個人分配主題。然后每個學(xué)生依次輪流為其他人講授。
