美國(guó)中情局和中國(guó)的熊貓外交

In the late 1950s, US relations with Communist China were virtually nonexistent. Trade had been tightly controlled since Chinas intervention in North Korea in 1950, and, to deny Beijing any advantage from commercial or financial transactions, the Secretary of the Treasury issued strict regulations prohibiting the import of goods that originated in or had passed through Communist China. There were rarely any exceptions, even for pandas.在上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代，美國(guó)幾乎與中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨沒(méi)有任何交流。自1950年抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始，美國(guó)便嚴(yán)格控制與中國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易往來(lái)，并且拒絕給予北京任何商業(yè)或者金融交易上的便利。美國(guó)財(cái)政部出臺(tái)嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)，禁止進(jìn)口原產(chǎn)地在中國(guó)或者經(jīng)過(guò)中國(guó)運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳铩＜词故切茇堃膊荒芾狻?/p>

In 1958, one frustrated animal importer tried a different tactic. He took his case to the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), Allen Dulles.1958年，一個(gè)飽受挫折的動(dòng)物進(jìn)口商采取了不同的策略。他把他的情況告訴了中情局局長(zhǎng)艾倫·杜勒斯。Heini Demmer, an Austrian animal dealer, and Frederik Zeehandelaar, a noted animal importer in New Jersey, wanted Dulless help in obtaining permission from the Treasury to bring into the US a giant panda.奧地利動(dòng)物經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商海尼·德默和新澤西州一個(gè)著名的動(dòng)物進(jìn)口商弗雷德里克，想要獲得艾倫的幫助從而取得美國(guó)財(cái)政部同意進(jìn)口熊貓的許可。On January 10, 1958 Dulles received a note with Treasurys decision: Allowing Chi Chi to enter the US would constitute a serious departure from the basic policies laid out in the regulations. Moreover, a giant panda would receive a great deal of publicity and that would lead to a need for Treasury to make a public explanation of the reasons for granting an exception. Unless the DCI had other suggestions, the note stated, the matter was closed.1958年1月10日，杜勒斯收到一份財(cái)政部決定的通知說(shuō)：允許竒奇進(jìn)入美國(guó)將嚴(yán)重偏離法規(guī)中羅列的基本政策。此外，熊貓來(lái)美勢(shì)必會(huì)受到大量宣傳，而將導(dǎo)致財(cái)政部需公開(kāi)解釋允許例外的原因。通知中還說(shuō)，除非中情局長(zhǎng)有另外的建議，此事將不再考慮。Treasurys resistance was not entirely unwarranted. Since the first live panda had been brought to the US in 1936 (registered aboard a ship as a puppy), the giant panda had captured the popular imagination—and become a potent political symbol.財(cái)政部的抗拒并非是毫無(wú)道理的。自從1936年，第一只活熊貓被帶到美國(guó)（上船時(shí)登記為小狗），大熊貓便得到了美國(guó)大眾的歡迎，并成為了強(qiáng)有力的政治象征。Madame Chiang Kai-shek, wife of the leader of the Republic of China, had dispatched a pair of the bears to the Bronx Zoo in 1941; arriving just after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, they became a symbol of a crucial wartime alliance.中華民國(guó)總統(tǒng)夫人，蔣介石妻子宋美玲于1941年送了一對(duì)大熊貓給布朗克斯動(dòng)物園（譯者注此動(dòng)物園是世界十大動(dòng)物園之一，位于美國(guó)紐約市）。它們到達(dá)的時(shí)間剛好是日本攻擊珍珠港后，它們也變成了這個(gè)戰(zhàn)時(shí)重要同盟關(guān)系的象征。During the decades after the Communist Chinese took control in 1949, as one historian of panda diplomat notes, they would benefit from the careful deployment of captive pandas for explicitly political purposes在1949年中共接管了中國(guó)的幾十年之間，正如一位研究熊貓外交的歷史學(xué)家所認(rèn)為的，中國(guó)通過(guò)大熊貓的部署從而獲得了政治利益。The media manifested little patience with the political symbolism of pandas and seemed to have been unaware of Dulless behind-the-scenes representations on Chi Chis behalf. They were aware of the rejection, however, and their commentary was harsh.當(dāng)時(shí)媒體的報(bào)道似乎也驗(yàn)證了人們對(duì)熊貓作為政治象征的不耐煩,而媒體似乎沒(méi)有意識(shí)到杜勒斯秘密代表了奇奇，但是媒體確實(shí)知道美國(guó)拒絕了熊貓,所以媒體發(fā)出了尖銳的評(píng)論。The clown of the animal world has been refused entry because it is a resident of Communist China. -----New York Times,May 7,1958動(dòng)物世界的丑角被拒絕入境，因?yàn)樗屈h中國(guó)的居民。-----紐約時(shí)報(bào)，1958年5月7日The state department, despite pleas from leading zoos for clemency, argues that to admit the young panda – darling of animal lovers and toymakers – would violate the law forbidding trade with Communist China.盡管美國(guó)主要?jiǎng)游飯@請(qǐng)求寬大處理，但是美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院依然認(rèn)為如果讓熊貓—— 動(dòng)物愛(ài)好者和玩具廠家的最?lèi)?ài)——進(jìn)入美國(guó)， 這樣做將違反禁止與共產(chǎn)主義中國(guó)貿(mào)易的法律。According to the Washington Post, The majesty of the United States has been employed to exclude a giant panda from this country...The zoos which have been bidding for him must be content merely to describe to their visitors what a panda is—or to pretend, in the fashion of the State Department attitude toward the Communist government in Peking, that he simply doesnt exist. Perhaps this sort of panda-ing to rigidity is what is needed to demonstrate the inanity of a policy based on fiction.據(jù)華盛頓郵報(bào)報(bào)道，美國(guó)的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)禁止大熊貓的進(jìn)入......那些請(qǐng)求進(jìn)口大熊貓的動(dòng)物園只能滿(mǎn)足于僅僅向來(lái)訪(fǎng)者描述熊貓是什么樣子的，或者像美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院對(duì)中國(guó)政府所實(shí)行的態(tài)度那樣，假裝根本就不存在所謂的大熊貓。 這樣的熊貓政策正好表明了美國(guó)對(duì)華政策的愚蠢。Spurned by Washington, Chi Chi made a triumphal tour of Europe, visiting Frankfurt, Copenhagen, and Berlin before finally winding up at the London Zoo. With the brief exception of a failed conjugal visit to Moscow, she lived there until July 1972.雖然遭到華盛頓的忽視，但是奇奇在歐洲還算順利，在訪(fǎng)問(wèn)了法蘭克福、 哥本哈根和柏林之后終于落戶(hù)在倫敦動(dòng)物園。后來(lái)前往莫斯科，她一直住在那里直到1972年7月。Just a few months before her death, two pandas—Hsing Hsing and Ling Ling—arrived in Washington, a gift from China after President Richard Nixons visit to Beijing that year. Ironically, they entered the US through Dulles Airport, named after the same John Foster Dulles whose hatred of Red China had helped block Chi Chis arrival.就在她剛剛死的幾個(gè)月前，兩只熊貓 — — 玲玲和興興 — — 抵達(dá)華盛頓，就在總統(tǒng)理查德 · 尼克松訪(fǎng)問(wèn)北京那一年，這是中國(guó)送給美國(guó)的禮物。他們?cè)诿绹?guó)杜勒斯機(jī)場(chǎng)下飛機(jī)，諷刺的是機(jī)場(chǎng)名字正是以約翰 · 福斯特 · 杜勒斯命名，就是那個(gè)仇恨紅色中國(guó)從而阻止奇奇來(lái)美國(guó)的人。