名師精講大學英語四級議論文寫作課程筆記二

　　語篇的連貫性

　　英語議論文的段落多采取直線展開式，即段落開始直接切入主題，并給出事實、例證、推理等。英語議論文段落這種展開方式是形成其語篇連貫的基礎。語篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過某種有序的排列(如時間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等)而相互關聯。在論述該段落主題的時候，每后一個句子都是建立在前面一個句子的基礎之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個句子，這種連貫便會受到影響，就會造成讀者在理解上的困難。

　　3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據、議論文中常用的詞句與短語

　　(1) 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據

　　一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質量不無關聯，而主題句質量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據的選擇(即所選的論據在邏輯性、說理性、準確性及與主題內容的關聯性等方面是否都經得起推敲)。需要明確的是，中心段落只應有兩個組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據。

　　段落的主題句也應有兩個部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對主題的看法或態度，兩者缺一不可。假設應試者被要求寫一篇有關吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請看下面這個主題句：

　　Smoking is a habit of many men.

　　該主題句暴露出兩個問題：(1)作者審題不清;(2)作者沒有表明對主題的看法或態度。

　　一般說來，議論文要求應試者闡明自己對某問題的看法或態度。因此當我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認真審題，權衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場。

　　如何構建段落的主題句呢?

　　拿到議論文的題目以后，經認真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關的例證。我們還用吸煙這個話題為例：

　　SMOKING

　　1. Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.

　　2. Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.

　　3. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15

　　minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.

　　4. Smoking after a meal can also disturb one s digestive system.

　　5. Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult s sexuality.

　　6. Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.

　　7. Smoking makes one s mouth smell.

　　8. The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.

　　9. Smoking in bed may cause fire..

　　根據上面所列出的七個句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個主題句，即：

　　1 Smoking is a bad habit.

　　2 Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.

　　第一個主題句表明了作者的態度，但不如第二個具體，因此在展開中心段落時不僅要談吸煙對人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對地具體段落就越好展開。但這并不等于說第一個主題句不好;如果主題句太過具體，段落可展開的范圍就會過窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會相對較少，整篇文章寫下來后可能達不到所要求的字數。因此選擇哪一個主題句要視具體情況而定。

　　用于支持段落主題句的論據其實就是我們開始列出的那些例證，但應視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個主題句分別構建兩個不同的中心段落：

　　Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes one s mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick . Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers , according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places.

　　語篇的連貫性

　　英語議論文的段落多采取直線展開式，即段落開始直接切入主題，并給出事實、例證、推理等。英語議論文段落這種展開方式是形成其語篇連貫的基礎。語篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過某種有序的排列(如時間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等)而相互關聯。在論述該段落主題的時候，每后一個句子都是建立在前面一個句子的基礎之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個句子，這種連貫便會受到影響，就會造成讀者在理解上的困難。

　　3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據、議論文中常用的詞句與短語

　　(1) 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據

　　一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質量不無關聯，而主題句質量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據的選擇(即所選的論據在邏輯性、說理性、準確性及與主題內容的關聯性等方面是否都經得起推敲)。需要明確的是，中心段落只應有兩個組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據。

　　段落的主題句也應有兩個部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對主題的看法或態度，兩者缺一不可。假設應試者被要求寫一篇有關吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請看下面這個主題句：

　　Smoking is a habit of many men.

　　該主題句暴露出兩個問題：(1)作者審題不清;(2)作者沒有表明對主題的看法或態度。

　　一般說來，議論文要求應試者闡明自己對某問題的看法或態度。因此當我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認真審題，權衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場。

　　如何構建段落的主題句呢?

　　拿到議論文的題目以后，經認真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關的例證。我們還用吸煙這個話題為例：

　　SMOKING

　　1. Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.

　　2. Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.

　　3. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15

　　minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.

　　4. Smoking after a meal can also disturb one s digestive system.

　　5. Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult s sexuality.

　　6. Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.

　　7. Smoking makes one s mouth smell.

　　8. The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.

　　9. Smoking in bed may cause fire..

　　根據上面所列出的七個句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個主題句，即：

　　1 Smoking is a bad habit.

　　2 Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.

　　第一個主題句表明了作者的態度，但不如第二個具體，因此在展開中心段落時不僅要談吸煙對人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對地具體段落就越好展開。但這并不等于說第一個主題句不好;如果主題句太過具體，段落可展開的范圍就會過窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會相對較少，整篇文章寫下來后可能達不到所要求的字數。因此選擇哪一個主題句要視具體情況而定。

　　用于支持段落主題句的論據其實就是我們開始列出的那些例證，但應視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個主題句分別構建兩個不同的中心段落：

　　Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes one s mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick . Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers , according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places.