2023考研英語(yǔ)閱讀雪佛龍與巴西石油業(yè)

由雕龍文庫(kù) 分享時(shí)間：2024-03-19 07:00:16 收藏本文

　　THE flow of oil from cracks in the seabed off thecoast of Rio de Janeiro has long since slowed to amere trickle. Not so the retribution againstChevron, an American oil company that was drillingin the Frade oilfield on November 7th when asudden rise in pressure caused a leak.

　　原油從里約熱內(nèi)盧離岸海床的裂縫中流出已經(jīng)是很久的事情了，不過(guò)由于溢出的原油只是緩慢的涓涓細(xì)流。然而這次雪佛龍所受的懲罰就不是這樣了。11月7日，這家來(lái)自美國(guó)的石油公司正在Frade油田鉆探，劇升的壓力引發(fā)了原油泄漏。

　　Brazils environment agency, IBAMA, has fined the company 50m reais for the leak.On December 23rd it levied a further 10m reais for poor contingency planning. The NationalPetroleum Agency , the industry regulator, has closed one of Chevrons Frade wells andsuspended the firms drilling rights. The Rio de Janeiro state government is suing for 150mreais. A federal prosecutor in Campos, a city in the north of the state, is demanding 20billion reais in punitive damages and seeking an injunction to halt all operations in Brazil byboth Chevron and Transocean, the subcontractor drilling for it in Frade. Federal police,meanwhile, want to bring criminal charges against bosses of both companies.

　　巴西的環(huán)境部門(mén)巴西可再生資源與環(huán)保局已經(jīng)因這次泄漏事故對(duì)雪佛龍?zhí)幰?,000萬(wàn)雷亞爾罰款。12月23 日，該局又為可能性極低的規(guī)劃對(duì)雪佛龍追加1,000萬(wàn)雷亞爾的罰款。石油管理機(jī)構(gòu)巴西國(guó)家石油管理局已經(jīng)關(guān)閉雪佛龍位于Frade的其中一處油井，同時(shí)取消了這家公司的鉆探權(quán)。里約熱內(nèi)盧政府正在申訴15,000萬(wàn)雷亞爾的罰款。位于巴西北方的城市Campos的一位聯(lián)邦公訴人提出200億雷亞爾的懲罰性損失賠償，并正在尋求禁止雪佛龍和Transocean公司在巴西的所有作業(yè)的強(qiáng)制令。Transocean公司承擔(dān)雪佛龍?jiān)贔rade 鉆探任務(wù)。與此同時(shí)，聯(lián)邦警察意圖以刑事罪處置兩家公司的主管人員。

　　After the 4.9m-barrel spill from the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, oil regulatorsaround the world are in no mood for leniency. But the blitz against Chevron, for a leak of nomore than 3,000 barrels, makes some industry-watchers wonder whether Brazil wantsforeign oil companies at all. The reactions are out of proportion with the size of the leak,says Jos Goldemberg, an energy and environment specialist at the University of S?o Paulo.Petrobras, Brazils state-controlled oil giant, holds a minority stake in Frade, but none ofthe lawsuits or fines names it as a respondent. I dont think there would have been the sameenthusiasm for big fines if Petrobras had been drilling.

　　自 2010年墨西哥灣Macondo油井490萬(wàn)桶原油泄漏后，全球各國(guó)石油管理部門(mén)嚴(yán)厲無(wú)比。但僅因區(qū)區(qū)3,000桶而對(duì)雪佛龍鋪天蓋地地進(jìn)行懲罰，這使得一事行業(yè)觀察家懷疑巴西是否完全不想要外國(guó)石油了。這些反應(yīng)與泄漏規(guī)模是不相對(duì)稱的，一位圣保羅的大學(xué)的能源與環(huán)境專家Jos Goldemberg表示。巴西政府控股的石油巨頭擁有Frade的少量股份，但它卻從未作為被告面臨任務(wù)訴訟罰款。假設(shè)Petrobras進(jìn)行鉆探，我不認(rèn)為當(dāng)局會(huì)同樣積極處以這么大的罰款。

　　Brazil ended Petrobrass monopoly and opened up its oil industry to private and foreigninvestment in the 1990s. But its recent oil policy has been nationalist and populist, saysAdriano Pires, a Rio-based energy consultant and former ANP official. It has restrictedforeign companies to secondary roles in most new projects. A law approved in 2010 requiresthat in the recently discovered ultra-deep pr-sal fields, Petrobras must be theoperator with a minimum 30% stake . Mr Pires fearsthat Chevrons mishandling of communications will only harden the new mood. The companywas slow to make details of the accident public, he says, and arrogant when it did; pressconferences in English went down particularly badly. It gave the authorities another chanceto claim that foreign oil companies drilling in Brazil act carelessly, he laments.

　　上世紀(jì)90年代，巴西取消了Petrobras的壟斷權(quán)，同時(shí)對(duì)私營(yíng)企業(yè)和外國(guó)投資者開(kāi)放該國(guó)的石油產(chǎn)業(yè)。但Adriano Pires表示，巴西最近的石油政策讓其變成國(guó)家主義者和平民主義者。 Adriano Pires是扎根里約熱內(nèi)盧能源顧問(wèn)，同時(shí)也是巴西國(guó)家石油管理局的前官員。在大多數(shù)新項(xiàng)目上，巴西已經(jīng)將外國(guó)公司置諸次要地位。2010年，一項(xiàng)經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的法律要求最近被發(fā)現(xiàn)的超級(jí)深海鹽田，Petrobras作為經(jīng)營(yíng)的一方必須至少擁有30%的股份。Pires擔(dān)憂不正確的公關(guān)舉措將只會(huì)加深這種新的情緒。Pires表示，雪佛龍傲慢的態(tài)度以及緩慢公布這次泄漏事故的相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。用英語(yǔ)的記者執(zhí)行使這種情況變得更糟。這給當(dāng)局另一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)去指責(zé)在巴西鉆探的外國(guó)石油公司表現(xiàn)漫不經(jīng)心。Pires惋惜地表示。