2023考研英語閱讀身心醫學
Psychosomatic medicine
身心醫學
Think yourself well
要相信，你的身體很棒
You can. But it helps to think well of yourself inthe first place
你可以擁有很好的體魄。但首先，你要自我感覺好，這會有幫助的。
THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearingridicule, dare not tread.
許多醫學研究者都不敢探究軀體和心理的關系，因為他們害怕，踏進這一領域會受人嘲笑。
But perhaps more should do so.
但也許，研究這方面的人應該多一些才好。
For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion oftreatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.
幾個世紀以來，醫生已逐漸認可了安慰劑效應。因為患者會產生錯覺，認為自己在接受治療。比如，服用無活性成分的藥片也能產生實際療效。
More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequentlyexperience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives.
根據最近的可靠的研究表明，平時積極樂觀的人會活得更長久、更健康。
They have fewer heart attacks, forexample, and fewer colds too.
比如，他們心臟病發作的次數更少，也很少感冒。
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.
然而，人們才開始慢慢了解這種情況發生的原因。
What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in whichsuch emotions alter an individual s biology.
人們需要的是做一場實驗，明確這樣的情緒是通過怎樣具體的、可測量的方式來改變人的生理狀況。
And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.
北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校的芭芭拉弗雷德里克松和貝瑟尼可可就是按照這個思路做了一項研究，并在《心理科學》上發表了相關論文。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nervestarts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominalorgans including the heart.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神經上。這對神經起于顱腔，通過無數分支與胸腔、腹腔的幾個臟器相連。
Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm andsafety.
它的其中一項工作就是為器官發送信號，讓它們在軀體平靜、的狀態下放緩節奏。
How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone s heartrate as he breathes in and out.
他們通過監測一個人吸氣、呼氣時的心率，追蹤記錄迷走神經如何有效地工作。
Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and asubtle decrease while breathing out.
如果吸氣時心率略微增加，呼氣時略微下降，則說明迷走神經工作正常。
The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to beconnected with health.
兩次心率之差構成迷走神經張力指數。人們都知道該指數與健康程度有關。
Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.
例如，低指數就與炎癥、心臟病發作幾率有聯系。
What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showedsomething else about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those withlow at stopping bad feelings getting overblown.
讓弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特別感興趣的是最近的研究，因為它顯示了迷走神經張力指數的另一個性質：與張力指數低的人相比，指數高的人能更好地防止不良情緒失控。
They also show more positive emotions in general.
研究也顯示，指數高的人大體上情緒更樂觀。
This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.
這也許彌補了心理健康與生理健康之間缺失的環節。
In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in2010, that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period oftime go up.
尤其值得注意的是，兩位研究人員在2010年的初步探究中發現，人們如果體驗一段時間的積極情緒，迷走神經張力指數會就增加。
This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in avirtuous spiral.
這為他們留下了疑念，積極情緒與迷走神經張力是否處于一個良性循環之中，互相促進?
They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university s staff, to try to find out.
因此，他們對本校的65名員工展開實驗，一探究竟。
They measured all of their volunteers vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and atits conclusion nine weeks later.
他們在實驗開始時測量了所有志愿者的迷走神經張力指數，九周后實驗結束時又再次測量。
In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designedfor the purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.
在實驗期間，他們要求志愿者每天晚上登錄一家專門為此設計的網站，為當天所經歷的各種最強烈情緒評定等級。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such ashope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士為志愿者提供了九種可供考慮的積極情緒選項，如期待、開心、熱愛，還有十一種消極情緒，包括憤怒、疲倦、厭惡。
They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whetherand how stronglythey had felteach emotion.
兩位博士要求他們以五分制一一打分：是否有這樣的情緒、情緒有多強烈。
One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.
1分代表完全沒有，5分代表非常強烈。
In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshopsrun by a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender inthe meditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.
此外，他們還隨機邀請了一半志愿者到一個注冊治療師開的一系列工作坊中，學習冥想的技巧，旨在讓冥想者產生一種善待自己、善待他人的情緒。
This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.
他們鼓勵這組人每天冥想，并向他們報告冥想用的時間。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people whomeditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發現，冥想的人的迷走神經張力顯著增加，而那些不冥想的人幾乎沒有任何變化。
Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scoresreported the biggest increases in positive emotions.
在眾多冥想者之中，那些實驗一開始就擁有最高指數的人，積極情緒增加的幅度最大;
Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.
而一開始指數就很低的人，幾乎沒有這樣的奇效。
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generatepositive emotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.
作為一個整體來看，這些發現意味著，這迷走神經張力指數越高，越容易產生積極情緒;反過來，積極情緒又能促進指數的提升。
That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.
無論是從直觀還是隱含的角度看，這都是一個正反饋循環。
Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for itimplies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.
對于情緒樂觀的人來說，這是個好消息;但對于消極的人來說，情況正好相反，因為它意味著，那些最需要振作精神的人卻往往無法產生積極情緒。
A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up allhope.
然而可可博士的進一步研究表明，脾氣不好的人也尚存希望。
A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day s socialconnections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.
有一種比冥想簡單的方法，即每天晚上對白天的社交活動進行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神經張力指數。
This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to amental state from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique ofmeditation.
就算是對生活不抱希望的人，也可能通過這種方式自我解脫，達到另一種精神狀態，然后他們可以進一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。
Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok havediscovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.
除了提高綜合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發現的機制是否有助于解釋安慰劑效應，還有待進一步研究。
But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the factof being treated.
但這的確有可能，因為安慰劑效應就包括實驗中因治療產生的良好情緒。
More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.
更為普遍的是，古代的醫生就有個說法：身體好，精氣兒足。
This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthymind for a healthy body.
而這個實驗則啟發人們，盡管諺語說得有理，但精氣兒足，身體好可能才更準確。
詞語解釋
1.think well of 對有好感
He always thinks of others. People think well ofhim.
他總是為別人著想。人們對他看法很好。
All the teachers think well of yang pei.
所有老師都對楊蓓印象很好。
2.placebo effect 安慰劑效應
The placebo effect s been well-documented.
安慰劑效果證據充分。
Molassiotis says that the improvements were not down to the placebo effect.
莫拉修迪斯說這一改善無法歸為安慰劑效應。
3.heart attacks 心臟病發作
Deaths from heart attacks also declined.
因心臟病而死亡的人數也已大大的降低。
The end result may be heart attacks or internal blood clots.
最終的結果可能是心臟病發作或體內血塊。
4.in particular 尤其， 特別
Progress is needed in three areas in particular.
尤其需要在三個方面取得進展。
Unemployment in particular has risen less than once seemed likely.
特別是失業率的增速似乎可能有所放緩。
Psychosomatic medicine
身心醫學
Think yourself well
要相信，你的身體很棒
You can. But it helps to think well of yourself inthe first place
你可以擁有很好的體魄。但首先，你要自我感覺好，這會有幫助的。
THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearingridicule, dare not tread.
許多醫學研究者都不敢探究軀體和心理的關系，因為他們害怕，踏進這一領域會受人嘲笑。
But perhaps more should do so.
但也許，研究這方面的人應該多一些才好。
For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion oftreatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.
幾個世紀以來，醫生已逐漸認可了安慰劑效應。因為患者會產生錯覺，認為自己在接受治療。比如，服用無活性成分的藥片也能產生實際療效。
More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequentlyexperience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives.
根據最近的可靠的研究表明，平時積極樂觀的人會活得更長久、更健康。
They have fewer heart attacks, forexample, and fewer colds too.
比如，他們心臟病發作的次數更少，也很少感冒。
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.
然而，人們才開始慢慢了解這種情況發生的原因。
What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in whichsuch emotions alter an individual s biology.
人們需要的是做一場實驗，明確這樣的情緒是通過怎樣具體的、可測量的方式來改變人的生理狀況。
And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.
北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校的芭芭拉弗雷德里克松和貝瑟尼可可就是按照這個思路做了一項研究，并在《心理科學》上發表了相關論文。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nervestarts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominalorgans including the heart.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神經上。這對神經起于顱腔，通過無數分支與胸腔、腹腔的幾個臟器相連。
Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm andsafety.
它的其中一項工作就是為器官發送信號，讓它們在軀體平靜、的狀態下放緩節奏。
How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone s heartrate as he breathes in and out.
他們通過監測一個人吸氣、呼氣時的心率，追蹤記錄迷走神經如何有效地工作。
Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and asubtle decrease while breathing out.
如果吸氣時心率略微增加，呼氣時略微下降，則說明迷走神經工作正常。
The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to beconnected with health.
兩次心率之差構成迷走神經張力指數。人們都知道該指數與健康程度有關。
Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.
例如，低指數就與炎癥、心臟病發作幾率有聯系。
What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showedsomething else about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those withlow at stopping bad feelings getting overblown.
讓弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特別感興趣的是最近的研究，因為它顯示了迷走神經張力指數的另一個性質：與張力指數低的人相比，指數高的人能更好地防止不良情緒失控。
They also show more positive emotions in general.
研究也顯示，指數高的人大體上情緒更樂觀。
This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.
這也許彌補了心理健康與生理健康之間缺失的環節。
In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in2010, that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period oftime go up.
尤其值得注意的是，兩位研究人員在2010年的初步探究中發現，人們如果體驗一段時間的積極情緒，迷走神經張力指數會就增加。
This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in avirtuous spiral.
這為他們留下了疑念，積極情緒與迷走神經張力是否處于一個良性循環之中，互相促進?
They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university s staff, to try to find out.
因此，他們對本校的65名員工展開實驗，一探究竟。
They measured all of their volunteers vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and atits conclusion nine weeks later.
他們在實驗開始時測量了所有志愿者的迷走神經張力指數，九周后實驗結束時又再次測量。
In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designedfor the purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.
在實驗期間，他們要求志愿者每天晚上登錄一家專門為此設計的網站，為當天所經歷的各種最強烈情緒評定等級。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such ashope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士為志愿者提供了九種可供考慮的積極情緒選項，如期待、開心、熱愛，還有十一種消極情緒，包括憤怒、疲倦、厭惡。
They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whetherand how stronglythey had felteach emotion.
兩位博士要求他們以五分制一一打分：是否有這樣的情緒、情緒有多強烈。
One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.
1分代表完全沒有，5分代表非常強烈。
In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshopsrun by a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender inthe meditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.
此外，他們還隨機邀請了一半志愿者到一個注冊治療師開的一系列工作坊中，學習冥想的技巧，旨在讓冥想者產生一種善待自己、善待他人的情緒。
This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.
他們鼓勵這組人每天冥想，并向他們報告冥想用的時間。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people whomeditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發現，冥想的人的迷走神經張力顯著增加，而那些不冥想的人幾乎沒有任何變化。
Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scoresreported the biggest increases in positive emotions.
在眾多冥想者之中，那些實驗一開始就擁有最高指數的人，積極情緒增加的幅度最大;
Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.
而一開始指數就很低的人，幾乎沒有這樣的奇效。
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generatepositive emotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.
作為一個整體來看，這些發現意味著，這迷走神經張力指數越高，越容易產生積極情緒;反過來，積極情緒又能促進指數的提升。
That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.
無論是從直觀還是隱含的角度看，這都是一個正反饋循環。
Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for itimplies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.
對于情緒樂觀的人來說，這是個好消息;但對于消極的人來說，情況正好相反，因為它意味著，那些最需要振作精神的人卻往往無法產生積極情緒。
A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up allhope.
然而可可博士的進一步研究表明，脾氣不好的人也尚存希望。
A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day s socialconnections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.
有一種比冥想簡單的方法，即每天晚上對白天的社交活動進行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神經張力指數。
This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to amental state from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique ofmeditation.
就算是對生活不抱希望的人，也可能通過這種方式自我解脫，達到另一種精神狀態，然后他們可以進一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。
Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok havediscovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.
除了提高綜合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發現的機制是否有助于解釋安慰劑效應，還有待進一步研究。
But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the factof being treated.
但這的確有可能，因為安慰劑效應就包括實驗中因治療產生的良好情緒。
More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.
更為普遍的是，古代的醫生就有個說法：身體好，精氣兒足。
This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthymind for a healthy body.
而這個實驗則啟發人們，盡管諺語說得有理，但精氣兒足，身體好可能才更準確。
詞語解釋
1.think well of 對有好感
He always thinks of others. People think well ofhim.
他總是為別人著想。人們對他看法很好。
All the teachers think well of yang pei.
所有老師都對楊蓓印象很好。
2.placebo effect 安慰劑效應
The placebo effect s been well-documented.
安慰劑效果證據充分。
Molassiotis says that the improvements were not down to the placebo effect.
莫拉修迪斯說這一改善無法歸為安慰劑效應。
3.heart attacks 心臟病發作
Deaths from heart attacks also declined.
因心臟病而死亡的人數也已大大的降低。
The end result may be heart attacks or internal blood clots.
最終的結果可能是心臟病發作或體內血塊。
4.in particular 尤其， 特別
Progress is needed in three areas in particular.
尤其需要在三個方面取得進展。
Unemployment in particular has risen less than once seemed likely.
特別是失業率的增速似乎可能有所放緩。
