2023考研英語閱讀韓國的教育體制

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2023考研英語閱讀韓國的教育體制

　　South Koreas education system

　　韓國的教育體制

　　FEW countries have done better than South Korea over the past half-century. Within thespan of a single working life, its economy has grown 17-fold, its government has evolvedfrom an austere dictatorship into a rowdy democracy, and its culture, once scarred bycensorship, now beguiles the world with its music, soap operas and cinema. Scholarsenthuse about the speed and precocity of its compressed development.

　　在過去的半個世紀，幾乎沒有國家表現得比韓國更好。在僅僅一代工作人口的時間跨度里，韓國經濟增長了17倍。韓國政府也從嚴厲的獨裁政權進化成了熱鬧的民主政體。韓國的文化原來被審查體制弄得千瘡百孔，現在韓國的音樂、連續劇和電影席卷世界。學者們對這種快速且早熟的高壓發展非常關注。

　　The only people unimpressed by South Koreas accomplishments may be South Koreansthemselves. As our special report notes, the prosperity they enjoy has not relieved thecompetitive pressure they endure. To them, the countrys development is compressed ina different way. Its success is confined to a few big employers and industries. The countrysmanufacturers are more impressive than its service firms, although these now generatemost jobs. And in manufacturing its big, family-owned conglomerates do farbetter than their small, hard-pressed suppliers.

　　唯一對韓國的成就不以為然的大概只有韓國人自己了。正如本刊特別報道里所說，韓國人所享受的繁榮并沒有緩解其承受的競爭壓力。對韓國人而言，國家發展是通過其他方式實現的。韓國的成功僅限于幾家大企業和大產業。韓國制造業表現要比服務業好得多，雖然現在后者提供大部分的工作崗位。而在制造業中，幾家大型的家族式企業集團的表現要比拮據的小型企業好得多。

　　Unsurprisingly, ambitious young South Koreans crave employment in the thriving bits ofthe economy. Medicine, law, finance and government remain popular, but the chaebol nowtake the cream. Like the civil service and the professions, Samsung, Hyundai and their peerstend to hire people straight from the best universities, with little chance of entry later in life.This creates a double bottleneck in the labour market. There are only a few appealingemployers to choose from, and only one realistic chance to join them. So youngsters spendages padding out their CVs and prepping for examsespecially for the test taken at 18which determines your university.

　　毫無疑問，雄心勃勃的韓國年輕人都渴望能在經濟中的強勢方謀一份職業。制藥、法律、金融以及政府職位依舊受歡迎，但財閥才是最大贏家。跟公務員和專業人士招聘一樣，三星、現代等大集團喜歡直接從頂尖大學中挑人，不給年紀稍大的人留下多少機會。這就給勞動市場造成了雙瓶頸現象。有吸引力的雇主就這么幾家，而想加入他們，比較現實的機會僅有一種。于是，年輕人花大把時間炮制自己的簡歷，不停備考，尤其是準備18歲時參加的大學入學考試。

　　This seems like a small thing, and many Western countries would kill to have South Koreasproblem: it is hard to imagine British or American parents fretting that their teenagers worktoo hard.South Koreacomes at or near the top of most international comparisons of reading,maths and science. But there are costs. A lot of effort goes into costly credentialism, ratherthan deep learning. The system excludes late-developing talent: blossom at 25, and its toolate. And in the very long term it means a smaller country. The expense of educating childrenfor the test is one reason why South Korean women give birth to so few of them. With thelowest fertility rate in the OECD rich-country club,South Koreas greying threatens to be asrapid as its growth.

　　這看起來沒什么大不了的，許多西方國家對韓國能有這種問題羨慕得要死：很難想象英國或美國的家長抱怨自己的孩子太努力了。在閱讀、數學以及科學方面的國際對比中，韓國人就算不是最優，也是名列前茅。但這是有代價的。大量的精力花在了追求文憑，而不是深入學習。這種體制排斥了那些大器晚成的人：25歲才開竅，太晚了。從長遠來講，這會導致國家人口減少。孩子應試花費過大是韓國女性少生育的原因之一。韓國的生育率在經合組織發達國家中是最低的，老齡化威脅的增長跟經濟增長一樣快。

　　The indirect cure for education fever

　　教育狂熱的間接療法

　　Other education-obsessed countries in Asia face a version of the same problem. In thepastSouth Koreas government tried to help parents by banning out-of-class tutoring. But such pedagogical prohibition is illiberal, and was anyway ruled unconstitutional in2000. The answer lies not in the schools but in the overall economyand in creating a moreopen labour market where more firms are interested in hiring people later.

　　亞洲許多對教育偏執的國家都有類似的問題。之前，韓國政府想幫父母一把，制訂了禁止課外補習的政策。但是，這種針對教學方式的禁令是違背自由精神的，而且在2000年還被判為違憲。要解決問題，關鍵不在學校，而在整體經濟要構建更開放的勞動市場，讓企業有興趣雇傭年紀稍大的人。

　　The government should do three things. First, scrap regulations that divide the jobs marketinto permanent employees, paid more than they are worth, and temporary workers, paidless. Second, it should encourage more firms, including foreign ones, into industries nowdominated by the chaebol, expanding the range of alternative employers. And third, itshould push the chaebol to expand into services, which they have diplomatically refrainedfrom doing. Retailing, tourism, local transport: all these need some chaebol clout andefficiency.

　　政府能做的有三點。第一，現在就業市場里有長期雇員和臨時雇員之別，長期雇員能得到與其能力不相稱的高薪，而臨時雇員的薪資則達不到應得的水平，必須消除造成這種差別的規矩。第二，政府應鼓勵更多企業，包括外國企業，進入目前為財閥所掌控的行業，擴大求職者可選擇的雇主范圍。第三，政府要推動財閥進入他們目前不想插手的服務業。零售、旅游、本地交通等行業都需要一些財閥參與，增進效率。