2023考研英語模擬試題及解析：閱讀理解二

　　2023年教育部考試中心考研英語模擬試題

　　閱讀理解部分匯編

　　二、美私有化方案

　　The National Association of Securities Dealers is investigating whether some brokerage houses are inappropriately pushing individuals to borrow large sums on their houses to invest in the stock market. Can we persuade the association to investigate would-be privatizers of Social Security? For it is now apparent that the Bush administrations privatization proposal will amount to the same thing: borrow trillions, put the money in the stock market and hope.

　　Privatization would begin by diverting payroll taxes, which pay for current Social Security benefits, into personal investment accounts. The government would have to borrow to make up the shortfall. This would sharply increase the governments debt. Never mind, privatization advocates say, in the long run, people would make so much on personal accounts that the government could save money by cutting retirees benefits.

　　Even so, if personal investment accounts were invested in Treasury bonds, this whole process would accomplish precisely nothing. The interest workers would receive on their accounts would exactly match the interest the government would have to pay on its additional debt. To compensate for the initial borrowing, the government would have to cut future benefits so much that workers would gain nothing at all. However, privatizersclaim that these investments would make a lot of money and that, in effect, the government, not the workers, would reap most of those gains, because as personal accounts grew, the government could cut benefits.

　　We can argue at length about whether the high stock returns such schemes assume are realistic , but lets cut to the chase: in essence, such schemes involve having the government borrow heavily and put the money in the stock market. Thats because the government would, in effect, confiscate workersgains in their personal accounts by cutting those workers benefits.

　　Once you realize whatprivatization really means, it doesnt sound too responsible, does it? But the details make it considerably worse. First, financial markets would, correctly, treat the reality of huge deficits today as a much more important indicator of the governments fiscal health than the mere promise that government could save money by cutting benefits in the distant future. After all, a government bond is a legally binding promise to pay, while a benefits formula that supposedly cuts costs 40 years from now is nothing more than a suggestion to future Congresses. If a privatization plan passed in 2005 called for steep benefit cuts in 2045, what are the odds that those cuts would really happen? Second, a system of personal accounts would pay huge brokerage fees. Of course, from Wall Streets point of view thats a benefit, not a cost.

　　1.According to the author, privatizersare those_____.

　　[A] borrowing from banks to invest in the stock market [B] who invest in Treasury bonds

　　[C] advocating the government to borrow money from citizens [D] who earn large sums of money in personal accounts

　　2.In the first paragraph, individual borrowing is cited because_____.

　　[A] it shares similarities with the governments Social Security policies

　　[B] there is no guarantee that it will be profitable in the stock market

　　[C] it is not proper for the brokerage houses to persuade people to borrow money

　　[D] it is an indication of the Bush administrations serious concern over the stock market

　　3.According to its advocates, who will gain from the privatization of Social Security?

　　[A] Investors in stock markets. [B] Retired workers in the future. [C] The future Congresses. [D] Account information brokers.

　　4.It can be inferred from the passage that Social Security privatization will_____.

　　[A] provide high returns for the new governments [B] be strongly opposed by Wall Street

　　[C] bring the future retirees more benefits [D] allow individuals to invest in personal accounts

　　5.The authors attitude towards the privatization proposal is_____.

　　[A] impartial [B] suspicious [C] neutral [D] approval

　　答案：1.C 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B

　　核心詞匯和超綱詞匯

　　brokerage經紀人之業務，回扣

　　would-be想要成為的，自稱自許的，自充的，例He founded a school for would-be actors。

　　shortfall不足量

　　cut to the chase 抄捷徑去追獵物

　　confiscate沒收，充公;征用

　　deficit赤字，不足額

　　全文翻譯

　　全國證券交易商協會正在調查一些證券行是否不適當地促使個人以房屋為抵押大舉借款投資股票市場。我們能否說服該協會來調查提倡社會保障私有化的人呢?因為現在很明顯，布什政府的私有化措施將產生同樣的結果：借上萬億的債，投資股市并期望從中獲利。

　　將現在用于支付社會福利金的工資稅轉移到個人投資帳戶上，私有化就開始了。政府必須借錢來彌補這種不足。這將急劇增加政府的負債。私有化的提倡者說：沒關系，從長遠來看，人們在個人帳戶上會賺很多錢，以至于政府可以通過削減離退休人員的福利而節省開支。

　　即使如此，如果個人投資帳戶被用于投資國庫債券，那么這個過程將一無所獲。工人們從他們的帳戶上得到的利息將恰好等于政府不得不為它的額外債務而支付的利息。為了彌補這種初始借入，政府將不得不大幅度減少未來福利以至于工人將一無所獲。然而私有化的提倡者聲稱，這些投資將賺很多錢，而且實際上是政府而非工人將從中獲益最大，因為當個人帳戶增長時，政府將減少福利開支。

　　我們能長時間地爭論這些方案所認為的高額的股票報酬是否現實，但是開門見山地說吧：其實，這些方案需要讓政府大舉借債并將錢投入股票市場。因為實際上政府會通過減少工人的福利而將他們個人帳戶中的收益充公。

　　一旦你意識到私有化的真正含義時，它聽起來不是很負責，對嗎?但是細節使它更糟。首先，金融市場將恰當地把如今的大量赤字看作是政府財政健康狀況的重要標志，而不是政府做出的能夠在遙遠的未來通過減少福利節省開支的輕率承諾。畢竟，政府債券是具有法律效力的償還承諾，而一個猜想從現在起四十年后會削減開支的利潤公式只不過是對未來眾國會的一個建議。如果在2005年通過的一個私有化計劃要求在2045年大幅度削減收益，那么這種情況真正發生的幾率是多少呢?其次，個人帳戶系統將償付巨額的經紀費用。當然，在華爾街來看，那是收益，不是費用。

　　2023年教育部考試中心考研英語模擬試題

　　閱讀理解部分匯編

　　二、美私有化方案

　　The National Association of Securities Dealers is investigating whether some brokerage houses are inappropriately pushing individuals to borrow large sums on their houses to invest in the stock market. Can we persuade the association to investigate would-be privatizers of Social Security? For it is now apparent that the Bush administrations privatization proposal will amount to the same thing: borrow trillions, put the money in the stock market and hope.

　　Privatization would begin by diverting payroll taxes, which pay for current Social Security benefits, into personal investment accounts. The government would have to borrow to make up the shortfall. This would sharply increase the governments debt. Never mind, privatization advocates say, in the long run, people would make so much on personal accounts that the government could save money by cutting retirees benefits.

　　Even so, if personal investment accounts were invested in Treasury bonds, this whole process would accomplish precisely nothing. The interest workers would receive on their accounts would exactly match the interest the government would have to pay on its additional debt. To compensate for the initial borrowing, the government would have to cut future benefits so much that workers would gain nothing at all. However, privatizersclaim that these investments would make a lot of money and that, in effect, the government, not the workers, would reap most of those gains, because as personal accounts grew, the government could cut benefits.

　　We can argue at length about whether the high stock returns such schemes assume are realistic , but lets cut to the chase: in essence, such schemes involve having the government borrow heavily and put the money in the stock market. Thats because the government would, in effect, confiscate workersgains in their personal accounts by cutting those workers benefits.

　　Once you realize whatprivatization really means, it doesnt sound too responsible, does it? But the details make it considerably worse. First, financial markets would, correctly, treat the reality of huge deficits today as a much more important indicator of the governments fiscal health than the mere promise that government could save money by cutting benefits in the distant future. After all, a government bond is a legally binding promise to pay, while a benefits formula that supposedly cuts costs 40 years from now is nothing more than a suggestion to future Congresses. If a privatization plan passed in 2005 called for steep benefit cuts in 2045, what are the odds that those cuts would really happen? Second, a system of personal accounts would pay huge brokerage fees. Of course, from Wall Streets point of view thats a benefit, not a cost.

　　1.According to the author, privatizersare those_____.

　　[A] borrowing from banks to invest in the stock market [B] who invest in Treasury bonds

　　[C] advocating the government to borrow money from citizens [D] who earn large sums of money in personal accounts

　　2.In the first paragraph, individual borrowing is cited because_____.

　　[A] it shares similarities with the governments Social Security policies

　　[B] there is no guarantee that it will be profitable in the stock market

　　[C] it is not proper for the brokerage houses to persuade people to borrow money

　　[D] it is an indication of the Bush administrations serious concern over the stock market

　　3.According to its advocates, who will gain from the privatization of Social Security?

　　[A] Investors in stock markets. [B] Retired workers in the future. [C] The future Congresses. [D] Account information brokers.

　　4.It can be inferred from the passage that Social Security privatization will_____.

　　[A] provide high returns for the new governments [B] be strongly opposed by Wall Street

　　[C] bring the future retirees more benefits [D] allow individuals to invest in personal accounts

　　5.The authors attitude towards the privatization proposal is_____.

　　[A] impartial [B] suspicious [C] neutral [D] approval

　　答案：1.C 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B

　　核心詞匯和超綱詞匯

　　brokerage經紀人之業務，回扣

　　would-be想要成為的，自稱自許的，自充的，例He founded a school for would-be actors。

　　shortfall不足量

　　cut to the chase 抄捷徑去追獵物

　　confiscate沒收，充公;征用

　　deficit赤字，不足額

　　全文翻譯

　　全國證券交易商協會正在調查一些證券行是否不適當地促使個人以房屋為抵押大舉借款投資股票市場。我們能否說服該協會來調查提倡社會保障私有化的人呢?因為現在很明顯，布什政府的私有化措施將產生同樣的結果：借上萬億的債，投資股市并期望從中獲利。

　　將現在用于支付社會福利金的工資稅轉移到個人投資帳戶上，私有化就開始了。政府必須借錢來彌補這種不足。這將急劇增加政府的負債。私有化的提倡者說：沒關系，從長遠來看，人們在個人帳戶上會賺很多錢，以至于政府可以通過削減離退休人員的福利而節省開支。

　　即使如此，如果個人投資帳戶被用于投資國庫債券，那么這個過程將一無所獲。工人們從他們的帳戶上得到的利息將恰好等于政府不得不為它的額外債務而支付的利息。為了彌補這種初始借入，政府將不得不大幅度減少未來福利以至于工人將一無所獲。然而私有化的提倡者聲稱，這些投資將賺很多錢，而且實際上是政府而非工人將從中獲益最大，因為當個人帳戶增長時，政府將減少福利開支。

　　我們能長時間地爭論這些方案所認為的高額的股票報酬是否現實，但是開門見山地說吧：其實，這些方案需要讓政府大舉借債并將錢投入股票市場。因為實際上政府會通過減少工人的福利而將他們個人帳戶中的收益充公。

　　一旦你意識到私有化的真正含義時，它聽起來不是很負責，對嗎?但是細節使它更糟。首先，金融市場將恰當地把如今的大量赤字看作是政府財政健康狀況的重要標志，而不是政府做出的能夠在遙遠的未來通過減少福利節省開支的輕率承諾。畢竟，政府債券是具有法律效力的償還承諾，而一個猜想從現在起四十年后會削減開支的利潤公式只不過是對未來眾國會的一個建議。如果在2005年通過的一個私有化計劃要求在2045年大幅度削減收益，那么這種情況真正發生的幾率是多少呢?其次，個人帳戶系統將償付巨額的經紀費用。當然，在華爾街來看，那是收益，不是費用。