GRE備考資料：Issue寫(xiě)作范文詳細(xì)解析

　　Issue

　　It is primarily through identification through social groups that we define ourselves.

　　Sample Essay

　　As primarily social animals, human beings naturally seek out different groups to which they feel they have a certain sense of belonging. But there are two different aspects of this issue involved: identifying oneself with a social group for its social implications and identifying oneself with a social group for internal needs. A person can have two different identities, one that involves an individuals self-perception and the way that others see that particular individual. There is a natural dichotomy between the two sides of ones personality that is usually displayed between the different types of social groups with which an individual may identify oneself.

　　Self-definition can either be honest or dishonest. A person may join a social group because he or she thinks that the people that belong to this type of group are the same as he or she, whether it is true or not. The important detail to the individual is that he or she would like to be the same as the people that belong to this particular social group. As one example, consider a person who grew up poor and poorly educated, but became wealthy through the luck of the lottery or an inheritance from an unknown but wealthy relative. This individual then joins a wine-tasting club and buys season tickets to the local Philharmonic Orchestra and opera house. Although this individual knows nothing about wine, orchestras or opera, he or she is seeking to identify him or herself as a culturally literate person simply because the person is now wealthy. Through joining these social groups, the individual is seeking to define him or herself as socially elite, although the only difference now is that the person has great wealth and in reality probably does not fit in with the other members of the groups. In this case, ones self-definition by identifying with social groups does not match up with how society still identifies the individual.

　　On the other hand, there are individuals that very clearly demonstrate who they are by their identification with certain social groups. At a very basic level, younger people may join gangs based on a sense of identification with certain gang members or gang ideas. By displaying different identifying tattoos or certain colors, these people clearly identify who they are and what they stand for by the particular to which they belong. Certain religious groups also give a clear identity to their members. Joining an Islamic fundamentalist group such as the Taliban or an Orthodox Jewish organization indicates a certain identity that is common to all of its members. Political organizations such as Greenpeace and the National Organization for Women also make a certain statement about the identity of an individual member. In all of these cases, an individuals self-perception and how others view that individual are probably very similar. These types of organizations speak to a persons very fundamental values and joining one is probably that persons way of saying to the world this is who I am.

　　Joining other types of groups may or may not indicate a persons self-identification. Being a Republican or a Democrat, for example, may just be a matter of whichever party your parents belong to. Spending time with a particular group of friends may only mean that you like only one of the people in the group or you have nothing better to do, it may have nothing to do with your self-identification. People that belong to these groups do not necessarily belong to any one social group for identification purposes; it may be only a matter of convenience.

　　It depends on the individual and the particular social group under discussion as to whether we primarily identify ourselves through association with social groups. Once the individual or the social group has been identified, a determination must still be made as to whether the individual has joined for self-identification purposes or to impress upon others a certain image of that individual.

　　我們主要通過(guò)與社會(huì)群體的認(rèn)同而來(lái)界定我們自身。

　　作為具有顯著社會(huì)性的動(dòng)物，人類(lèi)自然會(huì)去尋覓某些他們覺(jué)得與其存在某種歸屬感的不同群體。但這個(gè)問(wèn)題涉及兩個(gè)方面：基于某一社會(huì)群體的社會(huì)含義而認(rèn)同該群體，以及出于某些內(nèi)在需要而認(rèn)同某一社會(huì)群體。一個(gè)人可以擁有兩個(gè)不同的身份，一種身份涉及到個(gè)人的自我感受，另一個(gè)所涉及的是他人對(duì)這個(gè)特定個(gè)人的看法。在一個(gè)人性格的這兩方面之間，存在著一種自然的兩分法。個(gè)人的性格一般就體現(xiàn)在這一個(gè)人所可能認(rèn)同的不同社會(huì)群體之間。

　　自我界定可以是誠(chéng)實(shí)的，亦可以是不誠(chéng)實(shí)的。一個(gè)人之所以加入某一社會(huì)群體，可能是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為屬于這一群體的那些人與他相同，無(wú)論這是真還是假。對(duì)于這個(gè)個(gè)人具有重要性的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)是，他希望與屬于這一特定社會(huì)群體的人們相同。例如，我們不妨考慮一下這樣一個(gè)人，他出身貧窮，沒(méi)能受過(guò)良好的教育，但通過(guò)彩票的運(yùn)氣或由于繼承了一位無(wú)名但卻有錢(qián)的親戚的遺產(chǎn)而一夜暴富。此人然后加入一個(gè)品酒俱樂(lè)部，并購(gòu)買(mǎi)當(dāng)?shù)貝?ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)和歌劇院的季票。雖然此君對(duì)酒、樂(lè)隊(duì)或歌劇一竅不通，但他卻竭力將自己表現(xiàn)為有文化修養(yǎng)的人，僅僅因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在很有錢(qián)。通過(guò)介入這些社會(huì)群體，此人力圖將自己界定為社會(huì)精英，雖然現(xiàn)在唯一的區(qū)分是，這人極其有錢(qián)，而實(shí)際上他與這些群體內(nèi)的其他成員格格不入。在此情形中，通過(guò)認(rèn)同某些社會(huì)群體而來(lái)進(jìn)行自我界定，這與社會(huì)如何看待這個(gè)人仍然相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

　　另一方面，有些人則通過(guò)他們與某些社會(huì)群體的認(rèn)同而明白無(wú)誤地來(lái)表明他們是何種人。在某個(gè)甚為基本的層面上，青少年會(huì)基于他們與某些幫派成員或幫派理念的認(rèn)同感而參加某些幫派。通過(guò)展示與眾不同的認(rèn)別性紋身圖案或某些顏色，這些人明確表明他們是誰(shuí)，以及他們代表著什么。某些宗教團(tuán)體也會(huì)賦予其成員以某個(gè)明白無(wú)誤的身份。加入諸如塔利班一類(lèi)的伊斯蘭原教旨主義團(tuán)體或者正統(tǒng)派猶太教組織標(biāo)志著其成員普遍共有的某種身份。像綠色和平以及全國(guó)婦女組織等政治團(tuán)體也在就某個(gè)個(gè)體成員的身份作出某種陳述。在所有這些情形中，個(gè)體的自我感受，以及他人對(duì)其所形成的看法，二者可能甚為近似。這些類(lèi)型的組織訴諸于一個(gè)人極為基本的價(jià)值觀，而加入這樣的一種組織可能就成為這個(gè)人向世界表明我就是這樣一個(gè)人的一種方式。

　　加入其他類(lèi)別的組織可能表明，但也不一定表明一個(gè)人的自我認(rèn)同。例如，成為共和黨還是民主黨成員，這可能只與你父母屬于哪個(gè)政黨有關(guān)。與特定一群朋友在一起，這可能只意味著你只喜歡該群體中的一個(gè)人，或者因?yàn)槟愠酥鉄o(wú)所事事。這與你的自我認(rèn)同毫無(wú)關(guān)系。屬于這些群體的人并非必定出于認(rèn)同的目的而屬于任一社會(huì)群體。這可能只是一種權(quán)宜之計(jì)而已。

　　至于我們是否主要通過(guò)與社會(huì)群體的聯(lián)系而來(lái)表明我們的身份，這取決于個(gè)人以及所涉及的特定社會(huì)群體。即使個(gè)人或社會(huì)群體得以被判明，我們還有待于去確定，一個(gè)人加入某一社會(huì)群體，究竟是出于自我認(rèn)同的內(nèi)在目的呢，還是為了將其個(gè)人形象烙在他人心頭。

　　Issue

　　It is primarily through identification through social groups that we define ourselves.

　　Sample Essay

　　As primarily social animals, human beings naturally seek out different groups to which they feel they have a certain sense of belonging. But there are two different aspects of this issue involved: identifying oneself with a social group for its social implications and identifying oneself with a social group for internal needs. A person can have two different identities, one that involves an individuals self-perception and the way that others see that particular individual. There is a natural dichotomy between the two sides of ones personality that is usually displayed between the different types of social groups with which an individual may identify oneself.

　　Self-definition can either be honest or dishonest. A person may join a social group because he or she thinks that the people that belong to this type of group are the same as he or she, whether it is true or not. The important detail to the individual is that he or she would like to be the same as the people that belong to this particular social group. As one example, consider a person who grew up poor and poorly educated, but became wealthy through the luck of the lottery or an inheritance from an unknown but wealthy relative. This individual then joins a wine-tasting club and buys season tickets to the local Philharmonic Orchestra and opera house. Although this individual knows nothing about wine, orchestras or opera, he or she is seeking to identify him or herself as a culturally literate person simply because the person is now wealthy. Through joining these social groups, the individual is seeking to define him or herself as socially elite, although the only difference now is that the person has great wealth and in reality probably does not fit in with the other members of the groups. In this case, ones self-definition by identifying with social groups does not match up with how society still identifies the individual.

　　On the other hand, there are individuals that very clearly demonstrate who they are by their identification with certain social groups. At a very basic level, younger people may join gangs based on a sense of identification with certain gang members or gang ideas. By displaying different identifying tattoos or certain colors, these people clearly identify who they are and what they stand for by the particular to which they belong. Certain religious groups also give a clear identity to their members. Joining an Islamic fundamentalist group such as the Taliban or an Orthodox Jewish organization indicates a certain identity that is common to all of its members. Political organizations such as Greenpeace and the National Organization for Women also make a certain statement about the identity of an individual member. In all of these cases, an individuals self-perception and how others view that individual are probably very similar. These types of organizations speak to a persons very fundamental values and joining one is probably that persons way of saying to the world this is who I am.

　　Joining other types of groups may or may not indicate a persons self-identification. Being a Republican or a Democrat, for example, may just be a matter of whichever party your parents belong to. Spending time with a particular group of friends may only mean that you like only one of the people in the group or you have nothing better to do, it may have nothing to do with your self-identification. People that belong to these groups do not necessarily belong to any one social group for identification purposes; it may be only a matter of convenience.

　　It depends on the individual and the particular social group under discussion as to whether we primarily identify ourselves through association with social groups. Once the individual or the social group has been identified, a determination must still be made as to whether the individual has joined for self-identification purposes or to impress upon others a certain image of that individual.

　　我們主要通過(guò)與社會(huì)群體的認(rèn)同而來(lái)界定我們自身。

　　作為具有顯著社會(huì)性的動(dòng)物，人類(lèi)自然會(huì)去尋覓某些他們覺(jué)得與其存在某種歸屬感的不同群體。但這個(gè)問(wèn)題涉及兩個(gè)方面：基于某一社會(huì)群體的社會(huì)含義而認(rèn)同該群體，以及出于某些內(nèi)在需要而認(rèn)同某一社會(huì)群體。一個(gè)人可以擁有兩個(gè)不同的身份，一種身份涉及到個(gè)人的自我感受，另一個(gè)所涉及的是他人對(duì)這個(gè)特定個(gè)人的看法。在一個(gè)人性格的這兩方面之間，存在著一種自然的兩分法。個(gè)人的性格一般就體現(xiàn)在這一個(gè)人所可能認(rèn)同的不同社會(huì)群體之間。

　　自我界定可以是誠(chéng)實(shí)的，亦可以是不誠(chéng)實(shí)的。一個(gè)人之所以加入某一社會(huì)群體，可能是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為屬于這一群體的那些人與他相同，無(wú)論這是真還是假。對(duì)于這個(gè)個(gè)人具有重要性的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)是，他希望與屬于這一特定社會(huì)群體的人們相同。例如，我們不妨考慮一下這樣一個(gè)人，他出身貧窮，沒(méi)能受過(guò)良好的教育，但通過(guò)彩票的運(yùn)氣或由于繼承了一位無(wú)名但卻有錢(qián)的親戚的遺產(chǎn)而一夜暴富。此人然后加入一個(gè)品酒俱樂(lè)部，并購(gòu)買(mǎi)當(dāng)?shù)貝?ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)和歌劇院的季票。雖然此君對(duì)酒、樂(lè)隊(duì)或歌劇一竅不通，但他卻竭力將自己表現(xiàn)為有文化修養(yǎng)的人，僅僅因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在很有錢(qián)。通過(guò)介入這些社會(huì)群體，此人力圖將自己界定為社會(huì)精英，雖然現(xiàn)在唯一的區(qū)分是，這人極其有錢(qián)，而實(shí)際上他與這些群體內(nèi)的其他成員格格不入。在此情形中，通過(guò)認(rèn)同某些社會(huì)群體而來(lái)進(jìn)行自我界定，這與社會(huì)如何看待這個(gè)人仍然相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

　　另一方面，有些人則通過(guò)他們與某些社會(huì)群體的認(rèn)同而明白無(wú)誤地來(lái)表明他們是何種人。在某個(gè)甚為基本的層面上，青少年會(huì)基于他們與某些幫派成員或幫派理念的認(rèn)同感而參加某些幫派。通過(guò)展示與眾不同的認(rèn)別性紋身圖案或某些顏色，這些人明確表明他們是誰(shuí)，以及他們代表著什么。某些宗教團(tuán)體也會(huì)賦予其成員以某個(gè)明白無(wú)誤的身份。加入諸如塔利班一類(lèi)的伊斯蘭原教旨主義團(tuán)體或者正統(tǒng)派猶太教組織標(biāo)志著其成員普遍共有的某種身份。像綠色和平以及全國(guó)婦女組織等政治團(tuán)體也在就某個(gè)個(gè)體成員的身份作出某種陳述。在所有這些情形中，個(gè)體的自我感受，以及他人對(duì)其所形成的看法，二者可能甚為近似。這些類(lèi)型的組織訴諸于一個(gè)人極為基本的價(jià)值觀，而加入這樣的一種組織可能就成為這個(gè)人向世界表明我就是這樣一個(gè)人的一種方式。

　　加入其他類(lèi)別的組織可能表明，但也不一定表明一個(gè)人的自我認(rèn)同。例如，成為共和黨還是民主黨成員，這可能只與你父母屬于哪個(gè)政黨有關(guān)。與特定一群朋友在一起，這可能只意味著你只喜歡該群體中的一個(gè)人，或者因?yàn)槟愠酥鉄o(wú)所事事。這與你的自我認(rèn)同毫無(wú)關(guān)系。屬于這些群體的人并非必定出于認(rèn)同的目的而屬于任一社會(huì)群體。這可能只是一種權(quán)宜之計(jì)而已。

　　至于我們是否主要通過(guò)與社會(huì)群體的聯(lián)系而來(lái)表明我們的身份，這取決于個(gè)人以及所涉及的特定社會(huì)群體。即使個(gè)人或社會(huì)群體得以被判明，我們還有待于去確定，一個(gè)人加入某一社會(huì)群體，究竟是出于自我認(rèn)同的內(nèi)在目的呢，還是為了將其個(gè)人形象烙在他人心頭。