2023年職稱英語衛生類閱讀理解備考必備復習資料
Drug Resistancet Fades Quickly in Key Aids2 Drug
One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine3. But when nevirapine is used alone just once, HIV4 starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswana shows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.
International medical guidelines call for5 pregnant women with advanced HIV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been Used al. one, since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.
The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study from Botswana shows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.
The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is6, said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston7. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at delivery can be as short as six months. If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response8 was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapine, she added. However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure.
The study published in the New England Journal oJ Medicine9 shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with the U.S. government health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.
I.ynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development10. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization H recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy, she explained.
Shahin Lockman in Boston says the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that12 more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expanded U. S. and international programs to deliver them to Africa and other regions hard hit by the virus.
注釋：
1.drug resistance：抗藥性
2.AIDS：獲得性免疫缺損綜合征，艾滋病
3.nevirapine：奈韋拉平。一種阻斷HIV母嬰傳播的新藥。其品牌名為Viramune。
4.HIV：人體免疫缺損病毒
5.call for：要求;提倡;號召
6.The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine，the less detectable nevirapine resistance is：你服用一劑nevirapine之后，時間越長越不易發現對 nevirapine的抗藥性get out from：從離開，從出發。exposuret。：暴露;接觸。
7.Harvard School of Public Health inBoston：波士頓哈佛公共衛生學院
8.response的原意是反應。應答，但在醫學文獻中常用來指療效，此處treatment response就更加明顯。
9.New England Journal of Medicine：《新英格蘭醫藥雜志》。New England是美國東北部 Maine，Vermont，New Hampshire，Massachusetts，Rhode Island和Connecticut六州的總稱。
10.U.S.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development：美國國立兒童健康與人類發展研究所
11.World Health Organization：世界衛生組織
12.now that：既然，因為
練習：
1. What effect does nevirapine have?
A It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and kills all kinds of bacteria.
B It is an antiviral preparation and kills all kinds of viruses.
C It prevents the transmission of the AIDS virus and protects one from heart attack.
D It may prevent passing HIV infection from mothers on to their newborns during delivery.
2. Why does HIV resistance against nevirapine build very quickly even when the drug is used alone just once?
A Because the drug is not strong enough to kill all of the HIV in the body.
B Because there may not be a susceptibility test before using the drug.
C Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine.
D Because there are too many mutations of HIV for nevirapine to deal with.
3. When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if she gets the single dose of nevirapine at delivery ?
A She may start nevirapine-based treatment soon after her delivery.
B She may start nevirapine-based treatment within six months after her delivery.
C She has to wait at least six months after that nevirapine exposure.
D She may wait several years so as to achieve the best effect.
4. We may learn from this passage that HIV resistance against nevirapine
A lasts only for about a half year and fades quickly.
B will last forever in a woman who took nevirapine.
C is a terrible drug that must be banned at once.
D is a problem too difficult to be solved.
5. Generally speaking, the authors attitude towards the use of nevirapine is
A negative
B positive
C uncertain
D doubtful
答案與題解：
1.D 第一段第一句及第二段第二句均提到nevirapine可以防止母親在分娩時將HIV病毒傳染給新生兒的問題，故D項是正確答案。
2.C 第三段第一句說，即使單獨使用nevirapine一次，HIV病毒也會很快產生對nevirapine的抗藥性，原因就是沒有其他藥物可以殺死nevirapine還沒有殺死的病毒顆粒，這正是C項的內容。
3.C 第四段第二句說到，等待的時間最短可到六個月，第五段第一句又說，最少等待六個月的婦女，她們以nevirapine為主的藥物綜合治療的療效要比等待不足六個月的婦女高70%，可見C項最少要等待六個月是正確答案。
4.A 第一段第三句說到抗藥性存在的時間并不長，第四段第二句又說等待的時間可以短至六個月，另外，文章的標題也說抗藥性很快消失，可見A項是正確選項，其他各項文章均未提及。
5.B 第一段是文章的提要，最能說明作者觀點，其中最后一句就明確提到，已經服用 nevirapine的已感染上HIV的母親們不應該放棄服用這種能用得起的藥物。而且通篇文章都在探討如何更有效地利用此藥物，因此作者對使用此藥的態度應該是積極的、肯定的。
Drug Resistancet Fades Quickly in Key Aids2 Drug
One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine3. But when nevirapine is used alone just once, HIV4 starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswana shows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.
International medical guidelines call for5 pregnant women with advanced HIV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been Used al. one, since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.
The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study from Botswana shows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.
The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is6, said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston7. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at delivery can be as short as six months. If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response8 was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapine, she added. However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure.
The study published in the New England Journal oJ Medicine9 shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with the U.S. government health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.
I.ynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development10. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization H recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy, she explained.
Shahin Lockman in Boston says the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that12 more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expanded U. S. and international programs to deliver them to Africa and other regions hard hit by the virus.
注釋：
1.drug resistance：抗藥性
2.AIDS：獲得性免疫缺損綜合征，艾滋病
3.nevirapine：奈韋拉平。一種阻斷HIV母嬰傳播的新藥。其品牌名為Viramune。
4.HIV：人體免疫缺損病毒
5.call for：要求;提倡;號召
6.The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine，the less detectable nevirapine resistance is：你服用一劑nevirapine之后，時間越長越不易發現對 nevirapine的抗藥性get out from：從離開，從出發。exposuret。：暴露;接觸。
7.Harvard School of Public Health inBoston：波士頓哈佛公共衛生學院
8.response的原意是反應。應答，但在醫學文獻中常用來指療效，此處treatment response就更加明顯。
9.New England Journal of Medicine：《新英格蘭醫藥雜志》。New England是美國東北部 Maine，Vermont，New Hampshire，Massachusetts，Rhode Island和Connecticut六州的總稱。
10.U.S.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development：美國國立兒童健康與人類發展研究所
11.World Health Organization：世界衛生組織
12.now that：既然，因為
練習：
1. What effect does nevirapine have?
A It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and kills all kinds of bacteria.
B It is an antiviral preparation and kills all kinds of viruses.
C It prevents the transmission of the AIDS virus and protects one from heart attack.
D It may prevent passing HIV infection from mothers on to their newborns during delivery.
2. Why does HIV resistance against nevirapine build very quickly even when the drug is used alone just once?
A Because the drug is not strong enough to kill all of the HIV in the body.
B Because there may not be a susceptibility test before using the drug.
C Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine.
D Because there are too many mutations of HIV for nevirapine to deal with.
3. When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if she gets the single dose of nevirapine at delivery ?
A She may start nevirapine-based treatment soon after her delivery.
B She may start nevirapine-based treatment within six months after her delivery.
C She has to wait at least six months after that nevirapine exposure.
D She may wait several years so as to achieve the best effect.
4. We may learn from this passage that HIV resistance against nevirapine
A lasts only for about a half year and fades quickly.
B will last forever in a woman who took nevirapine.
C is a terrible drug that must be banned at once.
D is a problem too difficult to be solved.
5. Generally speaking, the authors attitude towards the use of nevirapine is
A negative
B positive
C uncertain
D doubtful
答案與題解：
1.D 第一段第一句及第二段第二句均提到nevirapine可以防止母親在分娩時將HIV病毒傳染給新生兒的問題，故D項是正確答案。
2.C 第三段第一句說，即使單獨使用nevirapine一次，HIV病毒也會很快產生對nevirapine的抗藥性，原因就是沒有其他藥物可以殺死nevirapine還沒有殺死的病毒顆粒，這正是C項的內容。
3.C 第四段第二句說到，等待的時間最短可到六個月，第五段第一句又說，最少等待六個月的婦女，她們以nevirapine為主的藥物綜合治療的療效要比等待不足六個月的婦女高70%，可見C項最少要等待六個月是正確答案。
4.A 第一段第三句說到抗藥性存在的時間并不長，第四段第二句又說等待的時間可以短至六個月，另外，文章的標題也說抗藥性很快消失，可見A項是正確選項，其他各項文章均未提及。
5.B 第一段是文章的提要，最能說明作者觀點，其中最后一句就明確提到，已經服用 nevirapine的已感染上HIV的母親們不應該放棄服用這種能用得起的藥物。而且通篇文章都在探討如何更有效地利用此藥物，因此作者對使用此藥的態度應該是積極的、肯定的。
