英語講義【167】虛擬語氣的形式和意義
情態動詞(Modal Verbs)是說話人用來表示說話的語氣,包括敘述、命令、要求、愿望及不可能的假設。如果是敘述,就是敘事語氣。命令或要求,就是祈使語氣;愿望或不可能的假設,就是虛擬語氣。
這里就來說虛擬語氣的形式及其意義。
虛擬語氣可分三種如下:
一、純虛擬
(形式和意義都屬虛擬。)
首先,可用條件副詞分句來表示一種不是真實性的假設,如:
(1) If l were you, l would not do such a thing.
這里的過去時態were表示現在的事件、現在的愿望。
接著,也可用名詞從句表示一種不能實現的愿望如:
(2) I wish l could do something for you.
這里的過去時態could do表示的是現在的事件、現在的愿望。
(3) I wish l had not made such a decision.
這里的過去完成時態had not made表示過去的事件,現在的愿望。
此外,還可用由as if引導的副詞從句表示不是真實的事,如:
(4) The tired worker walked as if he had been drunk.
最后,可用but for或without引導的簡單句表示不可能的事,如:
(5) But for the heavy rain(要不是這陣大雨),we would have done the work.
(6) Animals could hardly breathe without air.
注意,這種虛擬句里的動詞時態,異乎尋常。
二、半虛擬
(虛擬的形式,可能的事件。)
半虛擬語氣可表示客氣及事發可能性低等意義,如:
(7) Would you please lock the door behind you?
(8) Could l use your telephone for a while?
這里的過去式語氣動詞,表示客氣。
(9) lt might rain this afternoon.
(10) The eyewitnesss evidence could be false.
這里的過去式語氣動詞表示可能性低,也就是對所提的事存有懷疑或不甚確定。
三、舊式虛擬
(這里的名詞從句中的動詞保存原形,沒有第三人稱的S,接系動詞,be,也不起變化),如:
(11) We insist that the criminal be sent to prison.
(12) God bless you!
(13) Who suggested that Tom come early?
(11)和(13)里名詞從句的動詞形式是典型的美式英語;英式英語通常冠以情態動詞should。類似的例子有:
(14)The people demand that the govern-ment (should) put a stop to all forms of corruption.
(15) The education committee proposed that students (should) be encouraged to think creatively.
(16) It is important that we (should) keep fit.
(17) It is essential that work (should) come before pleasure.
(18) It is recommended that there (should) be equal pay for equal work.
情態動詞(Modal Verbs)是說話人用來表示說話的語氣,包括敘述、命令、要求、愿望及不可能的假設。如果是敘述,就是敘事語氣。命令或要求,就是祈使語氣;愿望或不可能的假設,就是虛擬語氣。
這里就來說虛擬語氣的形式及其意義。
虛擬語氣可分三種如下:
一、純虛擬
(形式和意義都屬虛擬。)
首先,可用條件副詞分句來表示一種不是真實性的假設,如:
(1) If l were you, l would not do such a thing.
這里的過去時態were表示現在的事件、現在的愿望。
接著,也可用名詞從句表示一種不能實現的愿望如:
(2) I wish l could do something for you.
這里的過去時態could do表示的是現在的事件、現在的愿望。
(3) I wish l had not made such a decision.
這里的過去完成時態had not made表示過去的事件,現在的愿望。
此外,還可用由as if引導的副詞從句表示不是真實的事,如:
(4) The tired worker walked as if he had been drunk.
最后,可用but for或without引導的簡單句表示不可能的事,如:
(5) But for the heavy rain(要不是這陣大雨),we would have done the work.
(6) Animals could hardly breathe without air.
注意,這種虛擬句里的動詞時態,異乎尋常。
二、半虛擬
(虛擬的形式,可能的事件。)
半虛擬語氣可表示客氣及事發可能性低等意義,如:
(7) Would you please lock the door behind you?
(8) Could l use your telephone for a while?
這里的過去式語氣動詞,表示客氣。
(9) lt might rain this afternoon.
(10) The eyewitnesss evidence could be false.
這里的過去式語氣動詞表示可能性低,也就是對所提的事存有懷疑或不甚確定。
三、舊式虛擬
(這里的名詞從句中的動詞保存原形,沒有第三人稱的S,接系動詞,be,也不起變化),如:
(11) We insist that the criminal be sent to prison.
(12) God bless you!
(13) Who suggested that Tom come early?
(11)和(13)里名詞從句的動詞形式是典型的美式英語;英式英語通常冠以情態動詞should。類似的例子有:
(14)The people demand that the govern-ment (should) put a stop to all forms of corruption.
(15) The education committee proposed that students (should) be encouraged to think creatively.
(16) It is important that we (should) keep fit.
(17) It is essential that work (should) come before pleasure.
(18) It is recommended that there (should) be equal pay for equal work.