牛津實用英語語法:255 不定式的完成式
A 形式
to have+過去分詞：
to have worked
to have spoken
B 與助動詞連用
1與 was/were連用表示未完成的計劃或安排
The house was to have been ready today.
這座房子本應該今天竣工。(但現在還沒有)
2與 should， would， might和 could一起構成條件完成時
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我當時要是看到她的話我本會邀請她的。
3與should或ought連用表示沒有履行的義務，或用于否定式表示錯誤的或愚蠢的行為
He should have helped her.
他本應該幫助她。(但他沒有這樣做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不應該對他說謊話。(但我說了)
4與 should/would like連用表示未實現的愿望
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但沒能看到)
這句也可寫成：
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中兩個動詞的任一個變成不定式的完成式，而不改變句子的意思。
5 與could連用，表示過去沒有利用的能力或過去的可能性：
I could have made a lot of money.
我本來能夠賺到許多錢。(但我沒能賺到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能給她打過電話。(也許他打過電話。)
(另參見第134節與第138節。)
6 與might/could連用表示說話人對于未辦到某事感到不快或憤怒：
He might/could have told me!
他本應告訴我!
I am annoyed that he didnt tell me.
他沒告訴我，我很不高興。
7 與may/might連用，表示推想發生在過去的動作：
He may/might have left.相當于：
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已經走了。
You might/could have been killed!
(那時)你可能會送了命的!
8 與cant/couldnt連用表示否定的推論
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
這臺鋼琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it，because he had no money.
我們知道不可能是他付了這筆錢，因為他沒錢。
9 與must連用表示肯定的推論
He must have come this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走這條路來的;這里還有他的腳印呢。
10 與neednt連用表示過去不必要的行為
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么著急。現在我們到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本來不必把它燒熟。我們本可以吃生的。
C 與某些別的動詞連用
1 與appear，happen，pretend，seem連用
注意這里的不定式的一般式與完成式之間的差別：不定式的一般式：
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看來是一名優秀的運動員。相當于：
It seems that he is
我們的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那時他看起來像一名優秀的運動員。相當于：
It seemed that he was
那時我們的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式：
He seems to have been
他看來曾經是相當于：
It seems that he was
我們的印象是他曾經是
He seemed to have been
那時看來他曾經是相當于：
It seemed that he had been
那時我們的印象是他曾經是
這就是說，不定式的完成式表示的動作是一個更早的動作，它發生在主要動詞所表示的動作之前。
其他例子如：
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相當于：
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我過去曾開過那種汽車。
He pretended to have read the book.相當于：
He pretended that he had read it.
他假裝曾經讀過那本書。
2 與下列動詞的被動式連用： acknowledge， believe， consider，find，know，report，say， suppose，think， understand：
He is understood to have left the country.
據了解他已經離開了這個國家。
3 不定式的完成式可與claim，expect，hope，promise連用，但不那么常見：
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相當于：
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他預期/希望到 6月份能完成。
A 形式
to have+過去分詞：
to have worked
to have spoken
B 與助動詞連用
1與 was/were連用表示未完成的計劃或安排
The house was to have been ready today.
這座房子本應該今天竣工。(但現在還沒有)
2與 should， would， might和 could一起構成條件完成時
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我當時要是看到她的話我本會邀請她的。
3與should或ought連用表示沒有履行的義務，或用于否定式表示錯誤的或愚蠢的行為
He should have helped her.
他本應該幫助她。(但他沒有這樣做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不應該對他說謊話。(但我說了)
4與 should/would like連用表示未實現的愿望
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但沒能看到)
這句也可寫成：
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中兩個動詞的任一個變成不定式的完成式，而不改變句子的意思。
5 與could連用，表示過去沒有利用的能力或過去的可能性：
I could have made a lot of money.
我本來能夠賺到許多錢。(但我沒能賺到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能給她打過電話。(也許他打過電話。)
(另參見第134節與第138節。)
6 與might/could連用表示說話人對于未辦到某事感到不快或憤怒：
He might/could have told me!
他本應告訴我!
I am annoyed that he didnt tell me.
他沒告訴我，我很不高興。
7 與may/might連用，表示推想發生在過去的動作：
He may/might have left.相當于：
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已經走了。
You might/could have been killed!
(那時)你可能會送了命的!
8 與cant/couldnt連用表示否定的推論
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
這臺鋼琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it，because he had no money.
我們知道不可能是他付了這筆錢，因為他沒錢。
9 與must連用表示肯定的推論
He must have come this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走這條路來的;這里還有他的腳印呢。
10 與neednt連用表示過去不必要的行為
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么著急。現在我們到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本來不必把它燒熟。我們本可以吃生的。
C 與某些別的動詞連用
1 與appear，happen，pretend，seem連用
注意這里的不定式的一般式與完成式之間的差別：不定式的一般式：
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看來是一名優秀的運動員。相當于：
It seems that he is
我們的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那時他看起來像一名優秀的運動員。相當于：
It seemed that he was
那時我們的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式：
He seems to have been
他看來曾經是相當于：
It seems that he was
我們的印象是他曾經是
He seemed to have been
那時看來他曾經是相當于：
It seemed that he had been
那時我們的印象是他曾經是
這就是說，不定式的完成式表示的動作是一個更早的動作，它發生在主要動詞所表示的動作之前。
其他例子如：
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相當于：
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我過去曾開過那種汽車。
He pretended to have read the book.相當于：
He pretended that he had read it.
他假裝曾經讀過那本書。
2 與下列動詞的被動式連用： acknowledge， believe， consider，find，know，report，say， suppose，think， understand：
He is understood to have left the country.
據了解他已經離開了這個國家。
3 不定式的完成式可與claim，expect，hope，promise連用，但不那么常見：
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相當于：
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他預期/希望到 6月份能完成。
