雅思應(yīng)試策略之學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀
一、簡介
IELTS學(xué)術(shù)類考試的對象為將要以英語為媒介進行大學(xué)本科或研究生水平學(xué)習(xí)或培訓(xùn)的學(xué)生。英國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國家的大學(xué)歡迎或要求申請人員考IELTS.IELTS學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀的考慮用時、題量、量型等與普通培訓(xùn)類大致相同。所考的三篇文章取材于雜志、期刊、書籍和報紙，題材廣泛，涵蓋人文、社科、技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域，但并不要求考生對文章內(nèi)容有專業(yè)性的了解，主要測試的是大學(xué)階段需用到的閱讀技巧。
學(xué)術(shù)類考試的三篇文章中，至少有一篇包含有詳細(xì)的邏輯論證，可能有一篇文章附帶有圖解、統(tǒng)計表、曲線圖等各式圖表。
二、閱讀步驟
在閱讀步驟方面，學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀與普通培訓(xùn)類閱讀基本相似，但因?qū)W術(shù)類文章篇幅較長、詞匯量較大、句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，閱讀過程中，除了應(yīng)用普遍的策略以外，還需注意以下幾個方面：
1、因人而異，調(diào)整閱讀速度
考試過程中的閱讀速度主要由考生對題材的熟悉程度和文章本身的難易程度決定。60分鐘做三篇文章，平均每篇文章用時20分鐘，但從文章本身的難易程度看，一般是前易后難，另一方面，考生對于自身很熟悉或一般人常接觸的主題，閱讀起來速度較快，而對于那些信息眾多、題材不熟悉或句法比較復(fù)雜的文章就需多花一點時間。為了科學(xué)安排時間，考生可以在拿到試卷的時候，迅速瀏覽一下每篇文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，若覺得比較順手，則可看得快一些，反之，則更仔細(xì)一點。
考生閱讀能力較強，或文章本身難度不大，篇幅不長，或考生對此題材較熟悉的時候，可以采取迅速瀏覽全文，抓住文章主題，仔細(xì)分析問題，原文尋找答案的步驟來進行。假如文章篇幅很長，或者考生在瀏覽了幾段文章以后覺得抓不住主題，對文章大意難以把握的情況下，考生可以采取看一段話，做一道題的方式。這種方式的缺陷在于做題的時候?qū)τ谖恼氯中缘陌盐詹灰欢ê芾硐耄切┩茢嘈缘模婕岸闻c段之間關(guān)系的題目顯得比較棘手。但在時間相當(dāng)緊張的時候，這樣做可以大體保證做對事實性的細(xì)節(jié)題。事實上，IELTS閱讀考試絕大部分的題目都是屬于這種題型。另外，看一段話做一道題也可以相對緩解某種程度的緊張焦慮感。
2、如何運用掃描法定位特定信息
對于主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題的一般做題思路可以參考普通培訓(xùn)類的應(yīng)試策略。這里我們介紹如何迅速定位細(xì)節(jié)。
考生可以先閱讀問題，抓住題干中的核心詞，并作上標(biāo)記，然后到原文中尋找相應(yīng)的位置。在篇幅比較長的文章中要想迅速找到對應(yīng)位置，關(guān)鍵是對文章中細(xì)節(jié)的排列方式，也即作品組織結(jié)構(gòu)的了解和把握。連接文中上下句的詞匯，即所謂的信號詞，往往表示句子間的關(guān)系，有助于考生把握各細(xì)節(jié)間的相互關(guān)系。這些詞主要有：
A、表示順承和遞進關(guān)系
例詞：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore
例句：The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed in middle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass production promoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.
B、表示對比與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
例詞：but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand
例句：Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the worlds adults cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education.
C、表示相似關(guān)系
例詞：like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way
例句：Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed.
D、表示時間先后關(guān)系
例詞：now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually, finally
例句：As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slow rolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soon after, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.
E、表示排列次序
例詞：another, the secondeven morethe most the best the least
例句：This situation is compounded by yet another factor.
F、表示因果關(guān)系
例詞：as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence
例句：As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education.
G、表示舉例或說明關(guān)系
例詞：that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for example, for instance
例句：More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.
如果考生在一段時間的訓(xùn)練以后，對于這些信號詞比較熟悉了的話，那么就可以在瀏覽全文的時候，順手把這些詞做上標(biāo)記，并注意這些詞所出現(xiàn)的場合。這樣做不僅有助于閱讀速度的提高，也有助于細(xì)節(jié)定位的時候有的放矢。
3、如何根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的含義
IELTS閱讀測試中，詞匯并不作為一個單獨的考點。閱讀過程中，碰到不懂的單詞，跳過去即可。如果該單詞影響到大意的理解或在考題中出現(xiàn)，則可以根據(jù)詞根詞綴的知識以及從上下文加以推斷。例如：It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 per cent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession。這一句話中，incongruous可能不認(rèn)識，但可以根據(jù)congruous中的con-一般表示共同，gr很象agree這一點猜測congruous可能當(dāng)同意，合適講，in-是一個否定性的前綴，那么合起來incongruous就是不合適，不適宜的意思。記住一些常用的詞根詞綴可以猜測單詞含義，擴展詞匯量，但更重要的是通過上下文來推斷。本句話中it為形式主語，表詞incongruous描述或說明the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 per cent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession這一現(xiàn)象。從這句話的意思以及should have grown這一用法可以推斷incongruous應(yīng)該是不協(xié)調(diào)的意思。
在推斷生詞含義的時候，標(biāo)志詞非常有用。我們可以根據(jù)標(biāo)志詞所表示的關(guān)系類型來對詞義加以推斷。例如：The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace。一句中，我們可以從表示舉例關(guān)系的such as后的crises危機推斷contingencies是不測，緊急情況的意思。
標(biāo)點符號的作用也不能忽略。例如：In industrialized countries, absolute illiteracy was largely eradicated half a century ago: they contain only two per cent of the worlds illiterate。我們知道冒號通常表示解釋說明，從這一點我們可以判斷eradicate應(yīng)該是消除，消滅的意思。
三、題型分析
IELTS學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀的題型與普通培訓(xùn)類基本相同。做題的思路以及方法可以參考普通培訓(xùn)類的做法。近來的閱讀測試中，True/False/Not Given要占到1/3左右的題量，而考生對此又覺得難以把握，這里我們再給大家歸納一下，并舉些例子。
總的原則是一定要根據(jù)原文，而不要受自己的觀點或文中所沒有提到的事實的影響。下面我們分別看一看True, False和Not Given的幾種類型。
1、 True
題目的說法在原文中有根據(jù)。有時難度主要是體現(xiàn)在對于詞、詞組以及一句話的理解上。如：
文中提到What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek can-dos rather than might-dos。題目為Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability。答案應(yīng)為True，因為can-dos就是proven experience might-dos就是potential ability。又如文章里說的In fact, all new staff are required to work towards the NVQs。就等同于題目New staff must register for NVQs，因為are required to和work towards分別是must和register for的同義詞。
2、False
False，即與原文不相符合的情況，分四大類：
與原文直接相反。即否定原話。這一類題關(guān)鍵在于定位。
題目主語的范圍大于原句主語的范圍。例如：
原句：Under the UK Environmental Protection Act the details declared in the application for Authorization to Operate are included in a Register which is open to the public. Such legislation also exists in many of the other European Community countries.
題目：All EC countries have an environmental register which is open to the public.
原句：While some big companies may want to train their own specialist team of managers straight from university, this situation is unlikely to change dramatically.
題目：Most big companies will prefer to take graduates straight out of university.
原文說幾個條件均可，或做一個建議，題目說必需是某個條件。
原句：One of the best ways of learning to be a good executive director is to be the non-executive director of another company.
題目：Many companies now insist that managers take on a non-executive directorship before they can become executive directors.
原句：The Eco-Audit scheme also proposes that organizations which are accredited under the scheme should regularly publish an environmental statement containing factual information and data on the environmental performance of each site.
題目：The Eco-Audit Scheme insists that members publish data on performance.
原文涉及觀點或個人意見，而題目則是事實。觀點除了可以用I think, I believe或情態(tài)動詞表示以外，還可以是比較隱含的。事實一般用現(xiàn)在完成時，一般現(xiàn)在時，或一般過去時表達。例如：
原句：There is a clear and often expressed need on the part of British and European management for techniques to identify and prioritize the key environmental issues for allocation of resources and action.
題目：Allocation of resources within companies for action on environmental issues is governed by legislation.
原句：the aim is to start inviting applicants to put themselves forward for assessment leading to full membership.
題目：400 applicants have put themselves forward for assessment.
原句：Yet comics are now considered to be the most effective medium for such advice, not least because they secure the interest of their target readership.
題目：Comics have been proved to the most effective way of giving advice to
3、Not Given
Not Given，或Not mentioned，即原文沒有提及，可大致分為三種情況：
純粹的沒有提及。例如：
原句：The Government, under pressure from the European Community, has introduced legislation which, although progressive, often appears to industry to be fragmented and difficult to digest.政府在歐盟在壓力下所采用的法律雖然比以前有所進步，但在企業(yè)看來，常常是支離破碎，難以理解。
題目：European Community directives on environmental management are clear and easily implemented.歐盟關(guān)于環(huán)境管理方面的指令清晰而易于實施。
原文只提到歐盟施加了壓力，沒有提到該壓力的具體內(nèi)容。又如：
原句：It can be argued that major corporations, such as IBM and Rank Xerox, have long tried to give international experience to their senior managers.
題目：IBM managers are provided with excellent social facilities.
原文只是說努力，至于努力或者試圖有沒有成果，則沒有提到。
在主語+謂語+賓語+狀語結(jié)構(gòu)中，原文與題目有或至少有一項不一致。例如：
原文：The Institute of Managements 1992 survey revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they would be more effective if they received more training.
題目：Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training.
原文里的they指代managers，至于their colleagues需不需要培訓(xùn)，原文未提及。本題屬偷換主語。
題目涉及的范圍小于原文涉及的范圍，也即更具體。例如：
原文：Tourists in Cyprus come mainly from Europe.
題目：The tourists come mainly from the UK.
你也許知道到塞普路斯旅游的游客大部分都是英國人，但原文只提到歐洲。題目的論斷依據(jù)原文是無法得出的。
原文：The Eco-Audit scheme also proposes that organizations which are accredited under the scheme should regularly publish an environmental statement.
題目：According to the information in the package, Eco-Audit accredited organizations should publish quarterly statements.
原文只提到經(jīng)常，而題目說是一季度一次。
一、簡介
IELTS學(xué)術(shù)類考試的對象為將要以英語為媒介進行大學(xué)本科或研究生水平學(xué)習(xí)或培訓(xùn)的學(xué)生。英國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國家的大學(xué)歡迎或要求申請人員考IELTS.IELTS學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀的考慮用時、題量、量型等與普通培訓(xùn)類大致相同。所考的三篇文章取材于雜志、期刊、書籍和報紙，題材廣泛，涵蓋人文、社科、技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域，但并不要求考生對文章內(nèi)容有專業(yè)性的了解，主要測試的是大學(xué)階段需用到的閱讀技巧。
學(xué)術(shù)類考試的三篇文章中，至少有一篇包含有詳細(xì)的邏輯論證，可能有一篇文章附帶有圖解、統(tǒng)計表、曲線圖等各式圖表。
二、閱讀步驟
在閱讀步驟方面，學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀與普通培訓(xùn)類閱讀基本相似，但因?qū)W術(shù)類文章篇幅較長、詞匯量較大、句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，閱讀過程中，除了應(yīng)用普遍的策略以外，還需注意以下幾個方面：
1、因人而異，調(diào)整閱讀速度
考試過程中的閱讀速度主要由考生對題材的熟悉程度和文章本身的難易程度決定。60分鐘做三篇文章，平均每篇文章用時20分鐘，但從文章本身的難易程度看，一般是前易后難，另一方面，考生對于自身很熟悉或一般人常接觸的主題，閱讀起來速度較快，而對于那些信息眾多、題材不熟悉或句法比較復(fù)雜的文章就需多花一點時間。為了科學(xué)安排時間，考生可以在拿到試卷的時候，迅速瀏覽一下每篇文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，若覺得比較順手，則可看得快一些，反之，則更仔細(xì)一點。
考生閱讀能力較強，或文章本身難度不大，篇幅不長，或考生對此題材較熟悉的時候，可以采取迅速瀏覽全文，抓住文章主題，仔細(xì)分析問題，原文尋找答案的步驟來進行。假如文章篇幅很長，或者考生在瀏覽了幾段文章以后覺得抓不住主題，對文章大意難以把握的情況下，考生可以采取看一段話，做一道題的方式。這種方式的缺陷在于做題的時候?qū)τ谖恼氯中缘陌盐詹灰欢ê芾硐耄切┩茢嘈缘模婕岸闻c段之間關(guān)系的題目顯得比較棘手。但在時間相當(dāng)緊張的時候，這樣做可以大體保證做對事實性的細(xì)節(jié)題。事實上，IELTS閱讀考試絕大部分的題目都是屬于這種題型。另外，看一段話做一道題也可以相對緩解某種程度的緊張焦慮感。
2、如何運用掃描法定位特定信息
對于主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題的一般做題思路可以參考普通培訓(xùn)類的應(yīng)試策略。這里我們介紹如何迅速定位細(xì)節(jié)。
考生可以先閱讀問題，抓住題干中的核心詞，并作上標(biāo)記，然后到原文中尋找相應(yīng)的位置。在篇幅比較長的文章中要想迅速找到對應(yīng)位置，關(guān)鍵是對文章中細(xì)節(jié)的排列方式，也即作品組織結(jié)構(gòu)的了解和把握。連接文中上下句的詞匯，即所謂的信號詞，往往表示句子間的關(guān)系，有助于考生把握各細(xì)節(jié)間的相互關(guān)系。這些詞主要有：
A、表示順承和遞進關(guān)系
例詞：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore
例句：The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed in middle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass production promoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.
B、表示對比與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
例詞：but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand
例句：Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the worlds adults cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education.
C、表示相似關(guān)系
例詞：like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way
例句：Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed.
D、表示時間先后關(guān)系
例詞：now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually, finally
例句：As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slow rolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soon after, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.
E、表示排列次序
例詞：another, the secondeven morethe most the best the least
例句：This situation is compounded by yet another factor.
F、表示因果關(guān)系
例詞：as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence
例句：As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education.
G、表示舉例或說明關(guān)系
例詞：that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for example, for instance
例句：More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.
如果考生在一段時間的訓(xùn)練以后，對于這些信號詞比較熟悉了的話，那么就可以在瀏覽全文的時候，順手把這些詞做上標(biāo)記，并注意這些詞所出現(xiàn)的場合。這樣做不僅有助于閱讀速度的提高，也有助于細(xì)節(jié)定位的時候有的放矢。
3、如何根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的含義
IELTS閱讀測試中，詞匯并不作為一個單獨的考點。閱讀過程中，碰到不懂的單詞，跳過去即可。如果該單詞影響到大意的理解或在考題中出現(xiàn)，則可以根據(jù)詞根詞綴的知識以及從上下文加以推斷。例如：It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 per cent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession。這一句話中，incongruous可能不認(rèn)識，但可以根據(jù)congruous中的con-一般表示共同，gr很象agree這一點猜測congruous可能當(dāng)同意，合適講，in-是一個否定性的前綴，那么合起來incongruous就是不合適，不適宜的意思。記住一些常用的詞根詞綴可以猜測單詞含義，擴展詞匯量，但更重要的是通過上下文來推斷。本句話中it為形式主語，表詞incongruous描述或說明the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 per cent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession這一現(xiàn)象。從這句話的意思以及should have grown這一用法可以推斷incongruous應(yīng)該是不協(xié)調(diào)的意思。
在推斷生詞含義的時候，標(biāo)志詞非常有用。我們可以根據(jù)標(biāo)志詞所表示的關(guān)系類型來對詞義加以推斷。例如：The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace。一句中，我們可以從表示舉例關(guān)系的such as后的crises危機推斷contingencies是不測，緊急情況的意思。
標(biāo)點符號的作用也不能忽略。例如：In industrialized countries, absolute illiteracy was largely eradicated half a century ago: they contain only two per cent of the worlds illiterate。我們知道冒號通常表示解釋說明，從這一點我們可以判斷eradicate應(yīng)該是消除，消滅的意思。
三、題型分析
IELTS學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀的題型與普通培訓(xùn)類基本相同。做題的思路以及方法可以參考普通培訓(xùn)類的做法。近來的閱讀測試中，True/False/Not Given要占到1/3左右的題量，而考生對此又覺得難以把握，這里我們再給大家歸納一下，并舉些例子。
總的原則是一定要根據(jù)原文，而不要受自己的觀點或文中所沒有提到的事實的影響。下面我們分別看一看True, False和Not Given的幾種類型。
1、 True
題目的說法在原文中有根據(jù)。有時難度主要是體現(xiàn)在對于詞、詞組以及一句話的理解上。如：
文中提到What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek can-dos rather than might-dos。題目為Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability。答案應(yīng)為True，因為can-dos就是proven experience might-dos就是potential ability。又如文章里說的In fact, all new staff are required to work towards the NVQs。就等同于題目New staff must register for NVQs，因為are required to和work towards分別是must和register for的同義詞。
2、False
False，即與原文不相符合的情況，分四大類：
與原文直接相反。即否定原話。這一類題關(guān)鍵在于定位。
題目主語的范圍大于原句主語的范圍。例如：
原句：Under the UK Environmental Protection Act the details declared in the application for Authorization to Operate are included in a Register which is open to the public. Such legislation also exists in many of the other European Community countries.
題目：All EC countries have an environmental register which is open to the public.
原句：While some big companies may want to train their own specialist team of managers straight from university, this situation is unlikely to change dramatically.
題目：Most big companies will prefer to take graduates straight out of university.
原文說幾個條件均可，或做一個建議，題目說必需是某個條件。
原句：One of the best ways of learning to be a good executive director is to be the non-executive director of another company.
題目：Many companies now insist that managers take on a non-executive directorship before they can become executive directors.
原句：The Eco-Audit scheme also proposes that organizations which are accredited under the scheme should regularly publish an environmental statement containing factual information and data on the environmental performance of each site.
題目：The Eco-Audit Scheme insists that members publish data on performance.
原文涉及觀點或個人意見，而題目則是事實。觀點除了可以用I think, I believe或情態(tài)動詞表示以外，還可以是比較隱含的。事實一般用現(xiàn)在完成時，一般現(xiàn)在時，或一般過去時表達。例如：
原句：There is a clear and often expressed need on the part of British and European management for techniques to identify and prioritize the key environmental issues for allocation of resources and action.
題目：Allocation of resources within companies for action on environmental issues is governed by legislation.
原句：the aim is to start inviting applicants to put themselves forward for assessment leading to full membership.
題目：400 applicants have put themselves forward for assessment.
原句：Yet comics are now considered to be the most effective medium for such advice, not least because they secure the interest of their target readership.
題目：Comics have been proved to the most effective way of giving advice to
3、Not Given
Not Given，或Not mentioned，即原文沒有提及，可大致分為三種情況：
純粹的沒有提及。例如：
原句：The Government, under pressure from the European Community, has introduced legislation which, although progressive, often appears to industry to be fragmented and difficult to digest.政府在歐盟在壓力下所采用的法律雖然比以前有所進步，但在企業(yè)看來，常常是支離破碎，難以理解。
題目：European Community directives on environmental management are clear and easily implemented.歐盟關(guān)于環(huán)境管理方面的指令清晰而易于實施。
原文只提到歐盟施加了壓力，沒有提到該壓力的具體內(nèi)容。又如：
原句：It can be argued that major corporations, such as IBM and Rank Xerox, have long tried to give international experience to their senior managers.
題目：IBM managers are provided with excellent social facilities.
原文只是說努力，至于努力或者試圖有沒有成果，則沒有提到。
在主語+謂語+賓語+狀語結(jié)構(gòu)中，原文與題目有或至少有一項不一致。例如：
原文：The Institute of Managements 1992 survey revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they would be more effective if they received more training.
題目：Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training.
原文里的they指代managers，至于their colleagues需不需要培訓(xùn)，原文未提及。本題屬偷換主語。
題目涉及的范圍小于原文涉及的范圍，也即更具體。例如：
原文：Tourists in Cyprus come mainly from Europe.
題目：The tourists come mainly from the UK.
你也許知道到塞普路斯旅游的游客大部分都是英國人，但原文只提到歐洲。題目的論斷依據(jù)原文是無法得出的。
原文：The Eco-Audit scheme also proposes that organizations which are accredited under the scheme should regularly publish an environmental statement.
題目：According to the information in the package, Eco-Audit accredited organizations should publish quarterly statements.
原文只提到經(jīng)常，而題目說是一季度一次。
