新托福TPO 17綜合寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練詳細(xì)解析：鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量減少的原因

由雕龍文庫(kù) 分享時(shí)間：2024-03-11 01:06:43 收藏本文

　　閱讀材料：

　　In the past century, the steady growth of the human population and the corresponding increasing in agriculture and pesticide use have caused much harm to wildlife in the United States birds in particular. Unfortunately for birds, these trends are likely to continue, with the result that the number of birds in the United States will necessarily decline.

　　在過(guò)去的一個(gè)世界，人類(lèi)數(shù)量的增加以及隨之而來(lái)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和殺蟲(chóng)劑的增加使得很多美國(guó)的野生動(dòng)物受到了影響，而這種問(wèn)題在鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)上表現(xiàn)得更為明顯。更加不幸的是，由于人口數(shù)量、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和殺蟲(chóng)劑使用的趨勢(shì)不會(huì)改變，美國(guó)的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量將會(huì)必然地隨之下降。

　　First, as human populations and settlements continue to expand, birds natural habitats will continue to disappear. Forests, wetlands, and grasslands will give way to ever more homes, malls, and offices. As the traditional areas suitable for birds keep decreasing, so will the size of the birds populations that depend on those vanishing habitats.

　　首先，隨著人口數(shù)量和居住面積的不斷擴(kuò)張，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)天然的棲息地持續(xù)地減少。森林、濕地和草原都變成的住宅、商場(chǎng)和寫(xiě)字樓。隨著那些傳統(tǒng)的適宜鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)棲息的地方持續(xù)減少，失去賴(lài)以生存棲息地的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)，數(shù)量自然是減少的。

　　Second, agricultural activities must increase to keep pace with the growing human population. The growth of agriculture will also result in the further destruction of bird habitats as more and more wilderness areas are converted to agricultural use. As a result, bird populations in rural areas will continue to decline.

　　第二，為了能夠滿足增長(zhǎng)的人口數(shù)量，農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)也必須隨之增加。農(nóng)業(yè)的增加的代價(jià)是進(jìn)一步破壞鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的棲息地，越來(lái)越多的荒地變成了農(nóng)業(yè)用地。因而，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)在鄉(xiāng)村的數(shù)量也隨之持續(xù)減少。

　　Third, as human settlements expand and agriculture increases, the use of chemical pesticides will also increase. Pesticides are poisons designed to kill agricultural and home garden pests, such as insects, but inevitable, pesticides get into the water and into the food chain for birds where they can harm birds. Birds that eat the poisoned insects or drink contaminated water can die as a result, and even if pesticides do not kill birds outright, they can prevent them from reproducing successfully. So, pesticides have significantly contributed to declines in bird population, and because there will continue to be a need to control agricultural pests in the future, this decline will continue.

　　第三，隨著人類(lèi)居住地的擴(kuò)展和農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的使用也增加了。農(nóng)藥是用來(lái)殺死諸如昆蟲(chóng)之類(lèi)的生長(zhǎng)在農(nóng)田或者菜園的害蟲(chóng)的有毒物質(zhì)。不可避免的是，這些農(nóng)藥會(huì)進(jìn)入水系和食物鏈，進(jìn)而傷害鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)。鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)會(huì)吃被毒死的昆蟲(chóng)或者喝污染了的水。這樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的死亡，即便不會(huì)不會(huì)導(dǎo)致鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的立刻死亡，也會(huì)影響鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的繁殖。所以，殺蟲(chóng)劑會(huì)對(duì)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的數(shù)量有非常嚴(yán)重的影響。同時(shí)，因?yàn)榧幢闶窃趯?lái)，還是需要?dú)⑾x(chóng)劑來(lái)控制農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲(chóng)，所以，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量減少的趨勢(shì)難以改變。

　　閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：

　　- Main point: 三個(gè)原因?qū)е馒B(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量減少

　　- Sub point 1: 人類(lèi)居住地的增加

　　- Sub point 2: 農(nóng)業(yè)用地的增加

　　- Sub point 3: 殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用

　　聽(tīng)力材料：

　　The passage claims that there will be fewer and fewer birds, but the arguments used to support this claim are unconvincing.

　　閱讀文章聲稱(chēng)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的數(shù)量會(huì)越來(lái)越小，但是所使用的理由都是沒(méi)有說(shuō)服力的。

　　First, its true that urban growth has been bad for some types of birds, but urban development actually provides better and larger habitats for other types. So much so, that city and suburban dwellers often complain about increased bird populations seagulls at landfills, pigeons on the streets and so on. Even birds like hawks and falcons can now be found in cities, where they prey on the increasing populations of pigeons and rodents. So, its not going to be a story of uniform decline of bird populations in the future. Some populations may shrink, but others will grow.

　　首先，確實(shí)城市的發(fā)展對(duì)于一些鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)是不利的，但是城市的發(fā)展事實(shí)上也為其他的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)提供了更大更好的棲息地。這樣發(fā)展，城市的居民常常抱怨鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量過(guò)多：堆填區(qū)的海鷗，大街上的鴿子，等等等等。甚至那些不常出現(xiàn)在城市里的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)，比如鷹類(lèi)也出現(xiàn)在城市，這是因?yàn)樗麄兛梢圆蹲綌?shù)量不斷增加的鴿子和嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物。所以，將來(lái)不會(huì)是所有鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的數(shù)量都在減少。有一些的數(shù)量在減少，但是其他的在增加。

　　As for agriculture, its true that it too will increase in the future, but not in the way assumed by the reading passage. The truth is, in the United States, less and less land is being used for agriculture every year. Increases in agricultural production have resulted from and will continue to result from the introduction of new, more productive varieties of crops. These new crops produce more food per unit of land, and as a result, theres no need to destroy wilderness areas.

　　對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，確實(shí)需求會(huì)越來(lái)越大，但是農(nóng)業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)并不是以閱讀所提及的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)的。在美國(guó)，實(shí)際上用在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土地每年都在減少。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量的增加是因?yàn)橐M(jìn)了新的、產(chǎn)量更高的農(nóng)作物品種，而這種趨勢(shì)將會(huì)持續(xù)。這些新的農(nóng)作物有更高的畝產(chǎn)量，因而，就沒(méi)有必要破壞原有荒地用作農(nóng)耕了。

　　And third, while its certainly true that traditional pesticides have been destructive to birds, its incorrect to project this history into the future. Now that, people are aware of the possible consequences of traditional pesticides, two changes have occurred. First, new and much less toxic pesticides have been developed, and thats important. Second, and perhaps more importantly, there is a growing trend to develop more pest resistant crops, crops that are genetically designed to be unattractive to pests. Pest resistant crops greatly reduce the need for chemical pesticides, and best of all, pest resistant crops dont harm birds at all.

　　第三，盡管傳統(tǒng)的殺蟲(chóng)劑的確會(huì)給鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)帶來(lái)?yè)p害，但是用過(guò)去推測(cè)未來(lái)的想法是站不住腳的。現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了傳統(tǒng)殺蟲(chóng)劑可能帶來(lái)的危害，因而采取了兩個(gè)措施。首先，已經(jīng)研究出了新型的、毒性更小的殺蟲(chóng)劑，這是很重要的一個(gè)改變。而第二點(diǎn)可能是更為重要的，就是現(xiàn)在正在研究能夠抵抗蟲(chóng)害的作物。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)，使得農(nóng)作物在基因上具有不吸引害蟲(chóng)的能力。抗蟲(chóng)害作物能夠極大的減少對(duì)化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑的需求。更為重要的是，抗蟲(chóng)害作物對(duì)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)是完全無(wú)害的。

　　聽(tīng)力部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：

　　- Main point: 閱讀部分的主張是站不住腳的

　　- Sub point 1: 人類(lèi)的居住地的擴(kuò)張不會(huì)導(dǎo)致所有鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量的下降，有的會(huì)增加

　　- Sub point 2: 因?yàn)樾缕贩N作物的種植，農(nóng)業(yè)用地會(huì)越來(lái)越少