超大質(zhì)量黑洞或?qū)⑴鲎?35億光年外星系面臨毀滅
The apocalypse is still on, apparently — at least in a galaxy about 3.5 billion light-years fromhere.
看起來(lái)，末日仍然會(huì)上演——至少是在距離我們35億光年的一個(gè)星系。
Last winter a team of Caltech astronomers reported that a pair of supermassive black holesappeared to be spiraling together toward a cataclysmic collision that could bring down thecurtains in that galaxy.
過(guò)去的這個(gè)冬天，加州理工的一群天文學(xué)家發(fā)布論文稱(chēng)，一對(duì)超大質(zhì)量黑洞似乎在朝著災(zāi)難性碰撞的軌跡運(yùn)行，而這種碰撞可能會(huì)宣告該星系的落幕。
The evidence was a rhythmic flickering from the galaxy’s nucleus, a quasar known as PG1302-102, which Matthew Graham and his colleagues interpreted as the fatal mating dance of apair of black holes with a total mass of more than a billion suns. Their merger, the astronomerscalculated, could release as much energy as 100 million supernova explosions, mostly in theform of violent ripples in space-time known as gravitational waves that would blow the starsout of that hapless galaxy like leaves off a roof.
他們的證據(jù)是這一星系中心的類(lèi)星體PG 1302-102表現(xiàn)出了一種有規(guī)律的閃動(dòng)。研究人員馬修·格雷厄姆(Matthew Graham)及其同事認(rèn)為，這代表了一對(duì)總質(zhì)量超過(guò)太陽(yáng)10億倍的黑洞在互相環(huán)繞，走向死亡。根據(jù)他們的估算，二者合并或許可以釋放出1億顆超新星爆炸的能量，多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為“引力波。這種時(shí)空中的猛烈漣漪會(huì)讓星體從那倒霉的星系中噴出，好比是從屋頂上刮走樹(shù)葉。
Now a new analysis of the system by Daniel D’Orazio of Columbia University and his colleagueshas added weight to that conclusion. Mr. D’Orazio, a graduate student, and his colleaguesZoltan Haiman and David Schiminovich propose that most of the light from the quasar is comingfrom a massive disc of gas surrounding the smaller of the two black holes.
現(xiàn)在，哥倫比亞大學(xué)(Columbia University)的丹尼爾·德奧拉齊奧(Daniel D’Orazio)及其同事對(duì)這一星系進(jìn)行的新分析，給上述結(jié)論增添了份量。研究生德奧拉齊奧和同事佐爾坦·海曼(Zoltan Haiman)、戴維·希米諾維奇(David Schiminovich)提出，這顆類(lèi)星體發(fā)出的光多數(shù)來(lái)自圍繞著其中一個(gè)較小黑洞的碩大的吸積盤(pán)。
As the black holes and their attendant discs swing around each other at high speeds, the lightfrom the disk that is coming toward us gets a boost from relativistic effects – a so-calledDoppler boost — the same way a siren gets louder and more high-pitched as it approaches,giving rise to a periodic increase in brightness every five years.
這兩個(gè)黑洞及其吸積盤(pán)相互高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，來(lái)自這個(gè)吸積盤(pán)的光線(xiàn)在對(duì)著地球的方向會(huì)因相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的多普勒效應(yīng)而加強(qiáng)——好比對(duì)面駛來(lái)的火車(chē)?guó)Q笛聲會(huì)變得更大聲、更尖細(xì)一樣——令它每隔五年會(huì)周期性地增大亮度。
The Columbia astronomers’ model predicts that the variation would be two or three timesgreater in ultraviolet light than in visible light. And that is exactly what they found when theycompared archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope and NASA’s Galex space telescope tothe visible-light data previously analyzed by Dr. Graham’s group.
哥倫比亞大學(xué)的這三名天文學(xué)家建立的模型預(yù)測(cè)，其中紫外線(xiàn)的變化會(huì)比可見(jiàn)光顯著。他們拿出哈勃太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡和美國(guó)航空航天局的星系演化探測(cè)器(Galex)的歷史數(shù)據(jù)，與格雷厄姆團(tuán)隊(duì)之前分析的可見(jiàn)光數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比對(duì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果正好與預(yù)測(cè)吻合。
“What’s big is that the Doppler boost is inevitable, Dr. Haiman said in an email. Givenreasonable assumptions about the masses of the two black holes, their model predicts theright ultraviolet data. “This is rare in ‘messy’ astronomy, he said, “to have an indisputableclean effect, which explains the data. Follow-up observations of ultraviolet and visible lightemissions in the coming years could help the clinch the case, the authors said. Their paper waspublished on Wednesday in the journal Nature.
“其中的重大意義在于，這只能是多普勒效應(yīng)，海曼博士通過(guò)電子郵件接受采訪(fǎng)時(shí)表示。只要給出有關(guān)這兩個(gè)黑洞質(zhì)量的合理假設(shè)，他們的模型就能預(yù)測(cè)出準(zhǔn)確的紫外線(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)。“在‘混亂’的天文學(xué)研究中，很難看到有一個(gè)毫無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的清晰理論能夠?qū)?shù)據(jù)做出解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)。三名研究人員表示，未來(lái)幾年對(duì)紫外線(xiàn)和可見(jiàn)光輻射的追蹤觀察或?qū)⒂欣诘贸龃_鑿的結(jié)論。他們的論文于本周三發(fā)表在《自然》雜志(Nature)上。
Their model suggests that the black holes are orbiting each other at a distance of some 200billion miles, less than a tenth of a light-year, a cosmic whisker. At that distance the black holeswould be rapidly losing energy by radiating gravitational waves and could spiral together intothe final bang in as little as 100,000 years, Dr. Haiman said, depending on their relative masses.
他們的模型顯示，兩個(gè)黑洞在相互環(huán)繞，之間的距離約為2000億英里，不到0.1光年。這在宇宙中可謂緊密相連。海曼稱(chēng)，相距這么近的話(huà)，這兩個(gè)黑洞應(yīng)當(dāng)以發(fā)出引力波的形式快速喪失能量，并且可能會(huì)最快在10萬(wàn)年后最終相撞。
“Basically, the more massive the holes, the faster gravitational waves drive them together,and we do require them to be as massive as allowed to be, he said in an email. For their modelto hold up, the larger of the black holes has to be a billion solar masses or more.
“基本上，雙黑洞質(zhì)量越大，引力波將他們拉到一起的速度越快，而我們的研究的確假定他們?cè)谠试S的范圍內(nèi)質(zhì)量盡可能地大，他在郵件中寫(xiě)道。他們的模型要想成立，雙黑洞中較大的那個(gè)的質(zhì)量至少得相當(dāng)于10億個(gè)太陽(yáng)。
E. Sterl Phinney, a Caltech astronomer and expert on supermassive black holes currently onsabbatical at Radboud University in the Netherlands, agreed that Dr. Haiman’s model explainsthe quasar variations. “So Occam’s razor makes it attractive, he said in an email, referring tothe long-held principle that physicists should adopt the simplest theory that fits the facts.
加州理工的天文學(xué)家E·施特爾·菲尼(E. Sterl Phinney)是超大質(zhì)量黑洞領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家，目前在荷蘭的內(nèi)梅亨大學(xué)(Radboud University)休學(xué)術(shù)假。他認(rèn)為海曼的模型能夠解釋這顆類(lèi)星體的閃動(dòng)。“奧卡姆剃刀讓它討人喜歡起來(lái)，他在接受采訪(fǎng)的電子郵件中寫(xiě)道。奧卡姆剃刀是一個(gè)由來(lái)已久的原則，認(rèn)為物理學(xué)家們應(yīng)該采用最簡(jiǎn)潔的理論來(lái)解釋事實(shí)。
But it was surprising, he said, to find a pair of supermassive black holes that have gotten soclose.
不過(guò)他也表示，找到距離如此相近的一對(duì)超大質(zhì)量黑洞令人意外。
Black holes, predicted by Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the prevailing theory ofgravity, are objects so dense that not even light can escape from them. In effect they arebottomless pits in space-time. Every galaxy of note seems to have a supermassive black hole,weighing millions or billions of times as much as the sun, burping sparks of half-eaten stars andgas.
阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦(Albert Einstein)的廣義相對(duì)論是有關(guān)引力的權(quán)威理論，其中預(yù)測(cè)了黑洞的存在。黑洞十分致密，以致于光線(xiàn)都無(wú)法從中逃脫。它們實(shí)際上是時(shí)空中的無(wú)底洞。每個(gè)重要星系似乎都有一個(gè)質(zhì)量為太陽(yáng)無(wú)數(shù)倍的超大黑洞，不斷輻射出正被吞噬的星體和氣體的閃爍光線(xiàn)。
When galaxies merge, their resident black holes are sent into forced marriages, orbiting eachother. But without gravitational interactions with stars or interstellar gas, supermassive blackholes can’t get close enough to each other to go into a rapid death spiral, a situation known asthe “final parsec problem. (A parsec is the astronomical standard of distance, 3.26 light-years.)
當(dāng)星系合并的時(shí)候，各自的黑洞被迫拴在一起，相互環(huán)繞運(yùn)動(dòng)。不過(guò)，如果沒(méi)有與星體或星際氣體之間的相互牽引，超大質(zhì)量黑洞不能靠近到能迅速走向碰撞的地步，而這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為“最后的秒差距問(wèn)題(秒差距是天文學(xué)距離單位，1秒差距等于3.26光年)。
So, as Dr. Phinney explained, unless hundreds of millions of solar masses of gas accompanythe black holes, “there are not very convincing ways of getting them to smaller separationslike the black holes in PG 1302-102.
因此，正如菲尼解釋的那樣，除非雙黑洞周?chē)袛?shù)億太陽(yáng)質(zhì)量的氣體，“沒(méi)有令人信服的辦法來(lái)讓它們的距離縮小到PG 1302-102的兩個(gè)黑洞那么近的地步。
At least that is the theory. If such systems are common, Dr. Phinney said, the gravitationalwaves emanating from them should sweep the universe and disrupt the timing of signals frompulsars, an effect that could be detected within the next few years by various ongoingprograms to time pulsars.
至少理論上如此。菲尼稱(chēng)，假如這種系統(tǒng)很常見(jiàn)，那么從中發(fā)出的引力波應(yīng)該席卷整個(gè)宇宙，干擾到脈沖星信號(hào)的節(jié)奏，那么在未來(lái)幾年里，目前正在進(jìn)行的多個(gè)觀測(cè)脈沖星時(shí)間的項(xiàng)目就應(yīng)該可以觀察到這一現(xiàn)象。
“A scientific theory is only as good as the tests which it has passed, Mr. D’Orazio said in anemail. Although general relativity has passed all of the observational and experimental teststhrown at it so far, some of its predictions can only be tested in the most extremegravitational environments, namely black holes. “Detection of gravitational waves, he said, “is a direct probe of this region and hence the secrets of gravity.
“科學(xué)理論的正確性是由它經(jīng)受的考驗(yàn)決定的，德奧拉齊奧在郵件中表示。盡管廣義相對(duì)論經(jīng)受住了迄今為止所有與之相關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀測(cè)的考驗(yàn)，但該理論蘊(yùn)含的一些預(yù)測(cè)只能在最極端的引力環(huán)境中檢驗(yàn)，也就是黑洞。“觀測(cè)引力波是對(duì)這種區(qū)域的直接探究，繼而也是對(duì)引力的奧秘的直接探究，他說(shuō)。
The apocalypse is still on, apparently — at least in a galaxy about 3.5 billion light-years fromhere.
看起來(lái)，末日仍然會(huì)上演——至少是在距離我們35億光年的一個(gè)星系。
Last winter a team of Caltech astronomers reported that a pair of supermassive black holesappeared to be spiraling together toward a cataclysmic collision that could bring down thecurtains in that galaxy.
過(guò)去的這個(gè)冬天，加州理工的一群天文學(xué)家發(fā)布論文稱(chēng)，一對(duì)超大質(zhì)量黑洞似乎在朝著災(zāi)難性碰撞的軌跡運(yùn)行，而這種碰撞可能會(huì)宣告該星系的落幕。
The evidence was a rhythmic flickering from the galaxy’s nucleus, a quasar known as PG1302-102, which Matthew Graham and his colleagues interpreted as the fatal mating dance of apair of black holes with a total mass of more than a billion suns. Their merger, the astronomerscalculated, could release as much energy as 100 million supernova explosions, mostly in theform of violent ripples in space-time known as gravitational waves that would blow the starsout of that hapless galaxy like leaves off a roof.
他們的證據(jù)是這一星系中心的類(lèi)星體PG 1302-102表現(xiàn)出了一種有規(guī)律的閃動(dòng)。研究人員馬修·格雷厄姆(Matthew Graham)及其同事認(rèn)為，這代表了一對(duì)總質(zhì)量超過(guò)太陽(yáng)10億倍的黑洞在互相環(huán)繞，走向死亡。根據(jù)他們的估算，二者合并或許可以釋放出1億顆超新星爆炸的能量，多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為“引力波。這種時(shí)空中的猛烈漣漪會(huì)讓星體從那倒霉的星系中噴出，好比是從屋頂上刮走樹(shù)葉。
Now a new analysis of the system by Daniel D’Orazio of Columbia University and his colleagueshas added weight to that conclusion. Mr. D’Orazio, a graduate student, and his colleaguesZoltan Haiman and David Schiminovich propose that most of the light from the quasar is comingfrom a massive disc of gas surrounding the smaller of the two black holes.
現(xiàn)在，哥倫比亞大學(xué)(Columbia University)的丹尼爾·德奧拉齊奧(Daniel D’Orazio)及其同事對(duì)這一星系進(jìn)行的新分析，給上述結(jié)論增添了份量。研究生德奧拉齊奧和同事佐爾坦·海曼(Zoltan Haiman)、戴維·希米諾維奇(David Schiminovich)提出，這顆類(lèi)星體發(fā)出的光多數(shù)來(lái)自圍繞著其中一個(gè)較小黑洞的碩大的吸積盤(pán)。
As the black holes and their attendant discs swing around each other at high speeds, the lightfrom the disk that is coming toward us gets a boost from relativistic effects – a so-calledDoppler boost — the same way a siren gets louder and more high-pitched as it approaches,giving rise to a periodic increase in brightness every five years.
這兩個(gè)黑洞及其吸積盤(pán)相互高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，來(lái)自這個(gè)吸積盤(pán)的光線(xiàn)在對(duì)著地球的方向會(huì)因相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的多普勒效應(yīng)而加強(qiáng)——好比對(duì)面駛來(lái)的火車(chē)?guó)Q笛聲會(huì)變得更大聲、更尖細(xì)一樣——令它每隔五年會(huì)周期性地增大亮度。
The Columbia astronomers’ model predicts that the variation would be two or three timesgreater in ultraviolet light than in visible light. And that is exactly what they found when theycompared archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope and NASA’s Galex space telescope tothe visible-light data previously analyzed by Dr. Graham’s group.
哥倫比亞大學(xué)的這三名天文學(xué)家建立的模型預(yù)測(cè)，其中紫外線(xiàn)的變化會(huì)比可見(jiàn)光顯著。他們拿出哈勃太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡和美國(guó)航空航天局的星系演化探測(cè)器(Galex)的歷史數(shù)據(jù)，與格雷厄姆團(tuán)隊(duì)之前分析的可見(jiàn)光數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比對(duì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果正好與預(yù)測(cè)吻合。
“What’s big is that the Doppler boost is inevitable, Dr. Haiman said in an email. Givenreasonable assumptions about the masses of the two black holes, their model predicts theright ultraviolet data. “This is rare in ‘messy’ astronomy, he said, “to have an indisputableclean effect, which explains the data. Follow-up observations of ultraviolet and visible lightemissions in the coming years could help the clinch the case, the authors said. Their paper waspublished on Wednesday in the journal Nature.
“其中的重大意義在于，這只能是多普勒效應(yīng)，海曼博士通過(guò)電子郵件接受采訪(fǎng)時(shí)表示。只要給出有關(guān)這兩個(gè)黑洞質(zhì)量的合理假設(shè)，他們的模型就能預(yù)測(cè)出準(zhǔn)確的紫外線(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)。“在‘混亂’的天文學(xué)研究中，很難看到有一個(gè)毫無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的清晰理論能夠?qū)?shù)據(jù)做出解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)。三名研究人員表示，未來(lái)幾年對(duì)紫外線(xiàn)和可見(jiàn)光輻射的追蹤觀察或?qū)⒂欣诘贸龃_鑿的結(jié)論。他們的論文于本周三發(fā)表在《自然》雜志(Nature)上。
Their model suggests that the black holes are orbiting each other at a distance of some 200billion miles, less than a tenth of a light-year, a cosmic whisker. At that distance the black holeswould be rapidly losing energy by radiating gravitational waves and could spiral together intothe final bang in as little as 100,000 years, Dr. Haiman said, depending on their relative masses.
他們的模型顯示，兩個(gè)黑洞在相互環(huán)繞，之間的距離約為2000億英里，不到0.1光年。這在宇宙中可謂緊密相連。海曼稱(chēng)，相距這么近的話(huà)，這兩個(gè)黑洞應(yīng)當(dāng)以發(fā)出引力波的形式快速喪失能量，并且可能會(huì)最快在10萬(wàn)年后最終相撞。
“Basically, the more massive the holes, the faster gravitational waves drive them together,and we do require them to be as massive as allowed to be, he said in an email. For their modelto hold up, the larger of the black holes has to be a billion solar masses or more.
“基本上，雙黑洞質(zhì)量越大，引力波將他們拉到一起的速度越快，而我們的研究的確假定他們?cè)谠试S的范圍內(nèi)質(zhì)量盡可能地大，他在郵件中寫(xiě)道。他們的模型要想成立，雙黑洞中較大的那個(gè)的質(zhì)量至少得相當(dāng)于10億個(gè)太陽(yáng)。
E. Sterl Phinney, a Caltech astronomer and expert on supermassive black holes currently onsabbatical at Radboud University in the Netherlands, agreed that Dr. Haiman’s model explainsthe quasar variations. “So Occam’s razor makes it attractive, he said in an email, referring tothe long-held principle that physicists should adopt the simplest theory that fits the facts.
加州理工的天文學(xué)家E·施特爾·菲尼(E. Sterl Phinney)是超大質(zhì)量黑洞領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家，目前在荷蘭的內(nèi)梅亨大學(xué)(Radboud University)休學(xué)術(shù)假。他認(rèn)為海曼的模型能夠解釋這顆類(lèi)星體的閃動(dòng)。“奧卡姆剃刀讓它討人喜歡起來(lái)，他在接受采訪(fǎng)的電子郵件中寫(xiě)道。奧卡姆剃刀是一個(gè)由來(lái)已久的原則，認(rèn)為物理學(xué)家們應(yīng)該采用最簡(jiǎn)潔的理論來(lái)解釋事實(shí)。
But it was surprising, he said, to find a pair of supermassive black holes that have gotten soclose.
不過(guò)他也表示，找到距離如此相近的一對(duì)超大質(zhì)量黑洞令人意外。
Black holes, predicted by Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the prevailing theory ofgravity, are objects so dense that not even light can escape from them. In effect they arebottomless pits in space-time. Every galaxy of note seems to have a supermassive black hole,weighing millions or billions of times as much as the sun, burping sparks of half-eaten stars andgas.
阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦(Albert Einstein)的廣義相對(duì)論是有關(guān)引力的權(quán)威理論，其中預(yù)測(cè)了黑洞的存在。黑洞十分致密，以致于光線(xiàn)都無(wú)法從中逃脫。它們實(shí)際上是時(shí)空中的無(wú)底洞。每個(gè)重要星系似乎都有一個(gè)質(zhì)量為太陽(yáng)無(wú)數(shù)倍的超大黑洞，不斷輻射出正被吞噬的星體和氣體的閃爍光線(xiàn)。
When galaxies merge, their resident black holes are sent into forced marriages, orbiting eachother. But without gravitational interactions with stars or interstellar gas, supermassive blackholes can’t get close enough to each other to go into a rapid death spiral, a situation known asthe “final parsec problem. (A parsec is the astronomical standard of distance, 3.26 light-years.)
當(dāng)星系合并的時(shí)候，各自的黑洞被迫拴在一起，相互環(huán)繞運(yùn)動(dòng)。不過(guò)，如果沒(méi)有與星體或星際氣體之間的相互牽引，超大質(zhì)量黑洞不能靠近到能迅速走向碰撞的地步，而這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為“最后的秒差距問(wèn)題(秒差距是天文學(xué)距離單位，1秒差距等于3.26光年)。
So, as Dr. Phinney explained, unless hundreds of millions of solar masses of gas accompanythe black holes, “there are not very convincing ways of getting them to smaller separationslike the black holes in PG 1302-102.
因此，正如菲尼解釋的那樣，除非雙黑洞周?chē)袛?shù)億太陽(yáng)質(zhì)量的氣體，“沒(méi)有令人信服的辦法來(lái)讓它們的距離縮小到PG 1302-102的兩個(gè)黑洞那么近的地步。
At least that is the theory. If such systems are common, Dr. Phinney said, the gravitationalwaves emanating from them should sweep the universe and disrupt the timing of signals frompulsars, an effect that could be detected within the next few years by various ongoingprograms to time pulsars.
至少理論上如此。菲尼稱(chēng)，假如這種系統(tǒng)很常見(jiàn)，那么從中發(fā)出的引力波應(yīng)該席卷整個(gè)宇宙，干擾到脈沖星信號(hào)的節(jié)奏，那么在未來(lái)幾年里，目前正在進(jìn)行的多個(gè)觀測(cè)脈沖星時(shí)間的項(xiàng)目就應(yīng)該可以觀察到這一現(xiàn)象。
“A scientific theory is only as good as the tests which it has passed, Mr. D’Orazio said in anemail. Although general relativity has passed all of the observational and experimental teststhrown at it so far, some of its predictions can only be tested in the most extremegravitational environments, namely black holes. “Detection of gravitational waves, he said, “is a direct probe of this region and hence the secrets of gravity.
“科學(xué)理論的正確性是由它經(jīng)受的考驗(yàn)決定的，德奧拉齊奧在郵件中表示。盡管廣義相對(duì)論經(jīng)受住了迄今為止所有與之相關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀測(cè)的考驗(yàn)，但該理論蘊(yùn)含的一些預(yù)測(cè)只能在最極端的引力環(huán)境中檢驗(yàn)，也就是黑洞。“觀測(cè)引力波是對(duì)這種區(qū)域的直接探究，繼而也是對(duì)引力的奧秘的直接探究，他說(shuō)。
