2024屆高考英語一輪語法同步課件:第6節 動詞的時態和語態(新課標)
(5)表示“充滿”意思的“be + 過去分詞 + with”結構多為系表結構。 The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 這座山終年被積雪覆蓋。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里擠滿了學生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里漁帆點點。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆滿了舊書。 (6)remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等詞 + 過去分詞結構多為系表結構。 The matter remained unsettled. 這件事懸而未決。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The road became crowded. 道路擁擠了。 (7)句中有時間狀語和地點狀語時,一般為被動語態,反之為系表結構。 The bank is closed. 銀行現在關門了。(系表結構) The bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常6點關門。(被動語態) 1. The bridge, which ________ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from
B. was dated from
C. dates from
D. dated from 【分析】C 此題容易誤選B或D,認為句中用了 1688 這個過去時間,所以應選過去時態,又因為 date from 不用于被動語態,所以只能選D。其實此題的最佳答案應是C,因為 date from 的意思是“自某時起存在至今”(=have existed since),它通常用于一般現在時,而不用過去時態(盡管其后接的總是表示過去的時間),除非所談論的東西現在已不復存在,如:The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago.(那座教堂是13世紀建成的,兩年前在一次地震中被毀了。) 注意:與date from同義的 date back to 也有類似用法。 2. — Do you like the material?
— Yes, it ________ very soft.
A. is feeling
B. felt
C. feels
D. is felt 【分析】C 此題容易誤選D,想當然地根據“這布料摸起來很柔軟”這一句意,認為“布料”應是“被摸”,所以 feel 選用被動語態。其實,此題正確答案為C,因為 feel 在此為連系動詞,而所有的連系動詞均為不及物動詞,不能用于被動語態,盡管有時其漢語意思有被動意味。
3. My dictionary________. I have looked for it everywhere but still ________. A. has lost; do not find B. is missing; do not find C. has lost; have not found D. is missing; have not found 【分析】D lose是個及物動詞,如果要表示某物丟失了,只能用被動語態。A項與C項使用的都是其主動形式。missing是形容詞,其詞義是:lost;not to be found(丟失了),據此,第一空應填入is missing。根據語境,第二空應填入使用現在完成時的否定形式,因為它可以表示目前還未發生的動作。
【分析】C 割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同時,when表時間的同時性,“瑪麗在做衣服時”提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。 3. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 【分析】B 句中的as = when, while,意為“當……之時”。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行時;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意 “在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了?!本渲械?fell (fall的過去時),是系動詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick。 4. — He will come tomorrow.
— But I'd rather he ________ the day after tomorrow.
A. will come
B. is coming
C. came
D. had come 【分析】C 此題容易誤選A或B,因為上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的時間狀語 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白處應填一個一般將來時態。但實際上此題的最佳答案是 C,這與 would rather 的用法有關。按照英語習慣,would rather 后接that 從句時,其謂語的時態規律是:用過去式表示現在或將來,用過去完成時表示過去。
5. Mr. Smith ________ a book about China last year but I don't know whether he has finished it.
A. has written
B. wrote
C. had written
D. was writing 【分析】D 此題應選D,這是由 but I don't know whether he has finished it 這一句話的語境決定的,全句意“史密斯先生去年在寫一本書,但我不知道他現在是否寫完了”。有的同學可能由于受 last year的影響而誤選B。但若選B,則句子前半部分的意思則為“史密斯先生去年寫了一本書”,既然是“寫了”,那么這與下文的“但我不知道他現在是否寫完了”相矛盾。 動詞的語態
高考湖南卷的單選題中動詞的語態必考,而且每年1題,總計1分。
1.在使用被動語態時,千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of.
這樣的壞習慣應該改掉。
All the important matters have now been attended to.
現在,所有重要的事情都得到了處理。 2.雙重被動結構 雙重被動結構指的是句中謂語動詞和其后的不定式均為被動結構,句子的主語既是謂語動詞的承受者,同時又是不定式動作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
We were asked to discuss the problem at once. The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個問題被要求立刻討論。(雙重被動) 3.下列句子變成被動語態時,要用with,不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. ?The meeting room was filled with smoke.
會議室滿是煙。 A cloth covered the table. ?The table was covered with a cloth. 桌上蓋著一塊布。 4.不能變為被動語態的結構 (1)受動詞的限制 ①表示狀態的及物動詞,只能用于主動語態。 某些表示狀態的及物動詞,如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become, fit (適合), resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語時,不能變為被動句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個大廳能容納兩千人。 ②當及物動詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時,沒有被動語態形式。 Would you have a cup of tea? 你要喝杯茶嗎? ③當動詞get,take表示“懂得”、“知道”,owe表示“欠”,cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時,動詞沒有相應的被動語態。 Do you get me? 你明白我的意思嗎? How do you take this passage? 這段話你怎么理解? I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你50英鎊。 (2)受賓語的限制 ①當賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關系時,動詞不能用于被動語態。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡直無法抑制內心的喜悅。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來兩姐妹互相照顧。 ②當賓語前帶有主語的形容詞性物主代詞時,謂語動詞通常不能轉換為被動語態。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.
看到他還活著,我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words.
醫生搖了搖頭,一句話也沒說就出去了。 注意:動詞的賓語是身體的一部分,一般不可變為被動語態,但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他把目光集中在那幅油畫上。 ?His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. ③當賓語起狀語作用,表示數量、重量、大小或程度時,不能用被動語態。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價值10美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重20公斤。 ④當賓語是同源賓語時,通常不能轉換成被動語態。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個美夢。 He lives a peaceful life.
他過著寧靜的生活。 ⑤如果賓語是動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式時,謂語動詞一般不能轉換成被動語態。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承認做錯了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國留學。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語是地點、國家機關等,不能改為被動語態。 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進入了大廳。 ⑦另外,不可拆開的短語動詞,如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等,也不能改為被動語態。 The book belongs to me. 這本書是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 5.不能變為被動語態的動賓詞組 catch a cold 感冒 eat one's words 食言 lose heart 喪失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼臉 make up one's mind 決心 make bed 鋪床 make room for 為……騰出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安靜 speak one's mind 表明見解 take place 發生 take one's time 從容不迫 take office 就職 take one's leave 請假 take notes 做筆記 take up arms 拿起武器 take one's place 就位 6.含有would rather或情態動詞dare的句子,不能改為被動語態。 I would rather do it now. 我寧可現在就干這件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 7.被動語態與系表結構的區別 所謂系表結構,在此指“連系動詞+用作表語的動詞-ed形式”結構。它與被動語態的形式完全一樣,所以在應用時應注意它們的區別。 (1)被動語態中的過去分詞是動詞,多強調動作;系表結構中的過去分詞相當于形容詞,多強調狀態。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名詞表動作的執行者,而后者則一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園的門被那個女孩鎖上了。(被動結構) The gate to the garden was locked. 花園的門鎖了。(系表結構) The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹被大風吹倒了。(被動結構)
The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹時,它已經被吹倒了。(系表結構) 注意:少數“連系動詞be + 用作表語的動詞-ed形式”也帶by短語。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團團圍住。(被動語態) Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。(系表結構) We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。(被動語態) The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹。(系表結構) (2)系表結構一般只用于一般現在時、一般過去時等少數幾種時態;而被動語態可用多種時態。 The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫得很好。(系表結構) The composition is being written. 這篇作文正在寫。(被動語態) (3)系表結構中的過去分詞可被very, too, so修飾,被動語態中的過去分詞須用much修飾。 The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動也不敢動。(系表結構) He was very excited.他很激動。(系表結構) He was much excited by the news. 他聽到消息后很激動。(被動結構) 高效語法復習篇
第6節 動詞的時態和語態
動詞的時態
高考湖南卷的單選題中動詞的時態必考。??嫉氖?種時態:過去完成時(2024年),過去進行時(2024年,2024年),現在完成時(2011年,2024年,2024年),現在進行時(2011年,2024年),一般過去時(2011年,2024年)。
1.現在進行時考點 (1)在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進行的動作。 (2)表示在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作,此時,多有表示將來的時間狀語。 2.現在完成時考點 (1)for+時間段, since+時間點。 Since 1998, everything has changed.
自從1998年以來,一切都變了。 Since he came here, everything has changed.
自從他來到這里,一切都變了。 (2)表示“第幾次做某事”與once, twice等連用時。 I have seen the moving film twice. 那部感人的電影我已經看了兩次了。
It is the second time that I have seen him.
這是我第二次見到他。 (3)最高級后的定語從句。 She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. 她是我見過的最漂亮的女孩。
3.一般將來時考點 (1)總是用在一般現在時的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句對應的主句中; If you go there, I will tell you the truth. 如果你去那里,我將告訴你真相。 (2)某些表示位移或短暫性動作的動詞,用現在進行時表示將來; (3)“祈使句+and/or+句子”,and后的句子總是用一般將來時。 Study hard and you will succeed.
努力學習你就會成功。 Come here early or/otherwise you will miss the train.
早點來,否則你會錯過火車。 4.將來完成時考點 (1)常見的時間狀語為by the end of this year, by eight o'clock this evening, by March next year以及when引導的時間狀語從句。 By the end of next year, we will have learned 200 songs.
到明年年末,我們將會學完200首歌曲。 (2)在時間和條件狀語從句中,將來完成時用現在完成時表示。 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 孩子們一從學?;貋砭妥黾彝プ鳂I。 5.一般過去時 (1)一般過去時的常考熱點:一般過去時的具體過去時間往往隱含在一組對話或上下文之中。只不過是人往往會通過對話的方式來隱含這個過去的時間。 I went to Beijing to visit the Great Wall in 1989.
1989年我去北京看了長城。 (2)used to do表示過去經常但現在已經不再維持的習慣動作。to為不定式,后接動詞原形。 He used to have a walk along the street.
他過去老沿著這條街散步。 I am not used to the food in this city.
我不適應這個城市的食物。 (3)在時間和條件狀語從句中,代替將來時。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise. 如果他提了工資,就答應給我買一臺電腦。 6.現在完成時與一般過去時的區別 在英語的時態中,過去的就是過去,與現在無任何聯系,這時要用一般過去時。但我們說話時常有“借古諷今”之說,可見把過去和現在隔絕是不可能的,英國人就想了一個把過去和現在連在一起的時態——現在完成時,可見這種時態既與過去有關,也必須與現在有聯系?,F在完成時就是一座“橋”,把現在和過去聯系到了一起。 I worked in that company for 5 years, but now I have retired and am living a quiet life.
我以前在那家公司工作過5年,但是現在我退休了,過著安靜的生活。 7.過去進行時 (1)在復合句中,如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續的或同時發生的,那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進行時。 While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他邊等車邊看報。 (兩個動作都是延續的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.
他擦車時我在做飯。(兩個動作同時進行) (2)通常不能用于過去進行時的動詞主要有:agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。 誤:I was knowing the answer. 正:I knew the answer. 我知道答案。 誤:I wasn't understanding him. 正:I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。 8.過去進行時與一般過去時的區別
(1)進行時表某一行為的“片斷”,一般時表示行為的“整體”和存在的狀態。
I was reading the book at that time. (未讀完,“讀”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已讀完,表整個“讀”)
(2)一般持續時間狀語多與進行時連用
It was raining all night.(優先用was raining,rained 為持續動詞,故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole afternoon.
(短暫動詞與持續時間連用,表反復,連續發生,不可用一般過去時)
(3)while 時間狀語從句中用短暫動詞時只能用進行時。
He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
(4)while 所在主從句動作大致持續相等時主從句一般都用進行時,但若是持續動詞可都用一般過去時,兩個動作一長一短時短的用一般時,長的用進行時。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
9.過去完成時 (1)能用這種時態的動作肯定發生在“過去的過去”,句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語,這種時態從來不孤立使用。 They finished earlier than we had expected. 他們完成得比我們想象的要早。 He had known the news before I told him it.
我告訴他消息之前他就已經知道了。 (2)用在hardly/scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…的句型中,主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. 他來看我時我剛剛完成工作。 (3)表示“第幾次做某事”和“自從……多長時間”,主句用一般過去時,從句用過去完成時。 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 那是她第二次看到她的外祖父。 (4)動詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用于過去完成時,表示“過去未曾實現的愿望,打算和意圖”。 I had intended to see you but I was too busy. (也可以是 I intended to have seen you but I was too busy.) 我本想去看你,但我太忙了。 10.過去將來時 (1)一般用于主句為過去時的賓語從句中。 He said he would stay with us. 他說他要與我們待在一起。 (2)“was/were going to + 動詞原形”或“was/were +動詞不定式的完成式”可表示未能實現的過去將來時間的動作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我們本想去游覽長城的,但卻下雨了。(沒有去成) (3)“be about to do” 和 “be on the point of doing”結構一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用,但后面可以接when引導的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要動身天突然下雨了。 (4)come,go,leave,arrive,start等動詞可用過去進行時代替過去將來時。 He said the train was leaving at six the next morning. 他說火車將于第二天早晨6點離開。 【知識運用】填空題: 1. No sooner ______ he ______ (see) me than he ______ (tell) me the good news. 2. By the end of last year, they ______ ______ (learn)1,000 songs together. 3. I ______ ______ ______ (live) here for 5 years since I ______ (move) here. 4. If you insist on your opinion, I ______ ______ (put) off the meeting. 5. If he ______ ______ (arrive) there on time yesterday, he ______ ______ ______ (catch) the early bus. 答案: 1. had; seen; told 2. had; learnt 3. have; been; living; moved 4. will; put 5. had; arrived; would; have; caught 1. — Jeff, you look so excited today. — Sure I am, I ________ a good job in a big company, you know.
A. offered B. will offer C. have been offered D. was offered
【分析】C 句意:——杰夫,你今天顯得好興奮?!谴_實,我在一家大公司謀得了一份好工作。此題中“得到工作在過去,高興到現在”。 2. Mary ________ a dress when she cut her finger.