2024屆高考英語一輪復習專題講學案:專題07 情態動詞和虛擬語氣(解析版)
【考綱解讀】
情態動詞的用法復雜多變,在高考試題中占的比重一直比較穩定,每年總有一至兩個題,可以單獨考查,也可以結合虛擬語氣考查。命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查考生對情態動詞的理解和掌握,難度也保持較為穩定的趨勢。其考點主要包括:
1.考查情態動詞的基本用法。如: can和could的用法及區別; will和would的用法及區別; must的用法; shall用于不同人稱時的用法和should的各種用法; need的用法等。
2.考查情態動詞的“推測”功能。如:can,could,may,might,must 皆可表示推測,使用時要注意以下幾點:(1)注意語氣。語氣較強用must, cannot,couldn't; 語氣較弱用may,might或can,could; (2)注意句式。在肯定句中,一般用may,might,must; 在否定句、疑問句中常用can,could; (3)注意時態。表示對現在或將來的情況的推測,此時通常用“情態動詞+動詞原形”結構; 表示對現在或將來正在進行的情況進行推測,通常用“情態動詞+進行體”結構; 表示對過去情況的推測,通常用“情態動詞+完成體”結構。
3.考查情態動詞的特殊用法。如:
(1)cannot/can't 與too/over/enough/perfectly/sufficiently 等詞連用,意為“越……越……”“無論怎樣……,……也不為過”“決不會……,……夠(過)”。
(2)cannot wait to do sth意為“急于做某事”。
(3)would 和used to的區別; can 和be able to的區別。
(4)“may/might well+動詞原形”意為“理應,有足夠的理由”; “may/might as well+動詞原形”意為“還不如,不妨,還是……的好”。
(5)must意為“偏要,硬要”; can用在肯定句中,可以表示客觀上的可能性; shall用在法律、條約、協定等文件中可以表示義務、規定等; should表示估計或推測上的“應該”,意為“可能,該,估計,按理應當”; will 可以表示習慣性和傾向性,意為“慣于,老是,終歸是”等。
(6)在句型 it is (high) time that中,從句謂語動詞常用過去時態表示虛擬語氣。
4.考查虛擬語氣在各種從句以及隱含、混合等句中的運用。如:wish,as if/though,if only,would rather,otherwise, without等。
5.考查虛擬語氣在條件狀語從句中的倒裝現象。
高考將重點考查情態動詞表推測和可能性、必要性、請求、允許、允諾,非真實條件虛擬語氣和名詞性從句的虛擬語氣的運用。
【重點知識梳理】
第一部分、情態動詞
一、can/could與be able to
1.can/could用來表示“一般能力”;be able to有多種時態,且用來表示在特定條件下的“具體能力”。如:
My grandma is over seventy,but she can still read without glasses.
They will be able to tell you the news soon.
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
2.表示允許可用can或could,與may/might意義接近。could可用于現在時,只是語氣更加委婉、客氣,回答時則一般要用can而不用could。
—Could I have the television on?
—Yes,you can./No,you can't.
二、may與might
1.表示允許,意為“可以,許可”,用法基本上同can與could。如:
May I use your bicycle?
2.表示可能性,意為“也許,可能”。如:
According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
3.may可以放在句首,表示祝愿。如:
May good luck be yours!
三、must與have to
1.must用來表示說話人的主觀看法;have to表示客觀的需要,強調外界壓力,不得已而為之。如:
He said that they must work hard。
他說他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)
My brother was ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟生病了,我只得半夜里把醫生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事)
2.表示“不必”,須用don't have to或needn't。must的否定式表示“禁止,絕對不可”。如:
You don't have to tell him about it.
你不必告訴他那件事。
You mustn't tell him about it.
你絕不能告訴他那件事。
—Must we do it now?
我們必須現在做嗎?
—No, you needn't.
不,你們不必。
四、shall
1.用于第一、第三人稱的疑問句中,用來征求對方的意見或請求指示。如:
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢?
2.用于第二、第三人稱的陳述句中,表示說話人的意愿,有“命令、警告、允諾、威脅、強制”等意思。如:
He shall stay in bed.
他必須躺在床上。
You shall have it back next week.
下周一定還你。
He says he won't go, but I say he shall.
他說他不去,但我說他必須去。
五、will與would
1.will用于各種人稱,表示“意志、意愿”或“決心”等。如:
If you will keep your watch half an hour slow, it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments.
如果你想要讓你的表慢半個小時,你約會時遲到就不足為怪了。
2.will表示習慣性的動作,有“總是,慣于”的含義。如:
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.
英國人通常是會在街上給你指路的。
3.would可表示過去反復發生的動作。如:
On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.
星期天他總是早起去釣魚。
六、should與ought to
1.should表示“建議”或“勸告”,有“應該”之意。如:
You should learn from each other.
2.ought to表示根據某種義務或必要“應當”做某事。如:
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
3.should和ought to也可用來表示推測,意為“想必會……”。如:
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They should be ready by 1200.
七、情態動詞表示推測
1.can用于肯定句中表示客觀的可能性,意為“有時會”;用于疑問句中可以表示推測,意為“可能”,有時表示一種驚訝的語氣;用于否定句中也可以表示推測,can't意為“不可能”,語氣很強烈。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家鄉在三月份通常很暖和,但有時候也會相當冷。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很準時,他怎么可能開會遲到呢?
—Let's visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There's no need to do so. He can't be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen,咱們一起拜訪湯姆吧。
——沒必要這樣做。他一定不在家,因為今天早晨我看見他登上了飛往北京的航班。
2.may/might用于肯定句中可以用來表示不十分肯定的推測,意為“有可能”;用于否定句中也可以表示推測,may not意為“可能不”,表示一種不太確定的語氣。
The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
這些天交通很繁忙,我可能會來晚一點,請你幫我保留個位置好嗎?
3.must表示推測時只能用于肯定句中,意為“一定,必定”,表示十分肯定的語氣(在疑問句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It's the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
——這是辦公室!所以你一定知道這里不許吃東西。
——噢,對不起。
4.should用來表示推測時意為“應該”,即含有“按道理來說應當如此”的意思。
There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因為你在駕校訓練了這么多,通過路考應該沒什么困難。
八、“情態動詞+have done”結構
1.should/ought to+have done,表示“過去本應該做而(實際)沒有做的事情”,含有責備或遺憾的語氣,意為“本應該……”。其否定形式為“should not/ought not to have+done”,表示某種行為本不該發生但實際上發生了。
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.
我本不應該看那部電影——它會令我做噩夢。
You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn't you come?
昨天你本來應該參加聚會的,可是你為什么不來?
2.must+have done,用于肯定句,表示“過去一定做過某事”,表示一種很有把握的推測。注意,對過去發生的情況的否定推測常用“can't/couldn't+have done”表示。
—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.
—She must have gone through tough training.
——葉詩文在倫敦奧運會獲得了兩枚金牌。
——她肯定受到嚴格的訓練。
—Do you know where David is? I couldn't find him anywhere.
—Well. He can't have gone far—his coat's still here.
——你知道大衛在哪里嗎?我到處找不到他。
——大衛的上衣還在這里,因此他肯定沒走遠。
3.needn't+have done,表示“過去沒有必要做某事,但實際上做了某事”。
Mark needn't have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
馬克本沒必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度開車,結果早到了半個小時。
4.may/might+have done,表示對過去情況的一種不太有把握的可能性的推測,表示“可能已做了某事……”,否定句表示“可能還沒有……”。
Sorry, I'm late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
對不起,我遲到了。我可能把鬧鐘關掉后又睡著了。
5.could+have done表示“過去本來可以做某事,但實際上沒有做”;can/could+have done表示“過去可能做了某件事”。
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn't have the right drugs with me at that moment.
我本來可以拯救那只可憐的兔子的,可是我當時沒有合適的藥品。
第二部分、虛擬語氣
一、虛擬語氣在虛擬條件句中的用法
虛擬情況 從句謂語 主句謂語 例句
與現在事
實相反 過去式
(be用were) would/
should/
could/might
do If he were here, he might be able to help.
What would you do if you were in his place?
與過去事實相反 had done would/
should/
could/might
have done If I had started a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
I could have done it better if I had been more careful.
與將來事實相反 過去式
were to do/
should do would/
should/
could/might
do If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
I would certainly go if I had time.
1.在具體運用中,條件從句中有時可省略if而采用倒裝結構。如:
Had it not been for your help, we wouldn't have achieved so much.
2.介詞without/but for、連詞but、副詞otherwise常用來表示某種假設條件。如:
I wouldn't have made such rapid progress without your help.
3.有時候從句動作和主句動作發生的時間不一致,這時謂語動詞的形式要根據各自的時間來調整。如:
If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
二、“should+動詞原形”表示的虛擬語氣
這一類型常見詞有“一堅持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建議(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上詞及其派生名詞所接的名詞性從句都使用“(should+)動詞原形”的虛擬語氣。
①Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
簡蒼白的臉色表明她病了,她母親建議她去檢查身體。
②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她堅持說那個男人偷了她的車,并堅決要求他坐牢。
三、特殊句式中的虛擬語氣
If only/It's (high) time (that)...
wish/would
rather/as if等固定句式要求用相應的虛擬語氣表達形式。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飛。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我寧愿你明天來。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是聽從了你的建議該多好啊!
【高頻考點突破】
考點一、考查情態動詞
例1.【2024·北京】29.—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really _____go now, My daughter is home alone.
A .may
B .can
C . must
D .dare
【答案】C
【變式探究】(2024北京卷)27. ________ I have a word with you? It won’t take long.
A. Can
B. Must
C. Shall
D. Should
【考點】考察情態動詞詞義辨析
【答案】A
【解析】本題考察的是情態動詞基本意義辨析。Can能夠,可能;must必須,一定;非得;shall將要;should應該;句意:我可以和你談談嗎?不會花很多時間的。根據句意可知本題使用can I…?表示詢問對方是否允許。如:Can I use your dictionary?我可以使用你的字典嗎?故A正確。
考點二、考查情態動詞的用法
例2.. 【2024·天津】7.
I ______ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
A. mightn’t
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D. couldn’ t
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我來新學校之前本沒有必要擔心,因為在這里我的同學對我非常友好。needn’t have done本沒有必要做某事,表示實際上已經做了某事。根據句意可知選C。