2024屆高考英語一輪基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)：Unit 1 Great Scientists（新人教版必修5）

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　　Unit 1 Great Scientists

　　Ⅰ.閱讀理解

　　(2024·青島市二模)

　　Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from human-to-human contact. The research team looked at the Zaire Ebola virus in an animal system to understand how it gains strength. This virus is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa. They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus, but succeeding transmission(傳送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and become more severe.

　　The team analyzed the viruses at different stages and were able to identify several changes in its genetic material that were associated with increased disease.

　　Professor Julian Hiscox, who led the study from the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health, explains: “The work tells us that the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus is to become more fatal.”

　　“We were able to show through genetic analysis which parts of the virus are involved in this process. The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies.”

　　Professor Roger Hewson, leading the study from Public Health England, Porton Down, said: “Ebola virus is such a destructive infection to the people affected by the disease and the economy of West Africa.”

　　“Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists' skills to close this knowledge gap.”

　　Professor Miles Carroll, a co-author of the work, said: “This study has allowed the team to be at the forefront of developing methodologies to analyze patient samples recently taken by the European Mobile Laboratory from West Africa to understand disease evolution during the current outbreak.”

　　文章大意：本文是醫(yī)療科研報(bào)告。文章主要講述了關(guān)于埃博拉病毒的研究進(jìn)展情況，該病毒與什么有關(guān)系，該如何控制該病的疫情。

　　1．What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?

　　A．How severe Ebola virus is.

　　B．How Ebola virus spreads.

　　C．How Ebola virus gradually becomes deadly.

　　D．What contributions scientists have made on Ebola virus.

　　答案：C　主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)埃博拉病毒有多嚴(yán)重；B項(xiàng)埃博拉病毒是如何傳播的；C項(xiàng)埃博拉病毒是如何變得致命的；D項(xiàng)科學(xué)家們?yōu)榘２├《咀龀隽耸裁礃拥呢暙I(xiàn)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the first paragraph。通讀第一段，并根據(jù)第一句話Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from human-to-human contact可知該段的大意是埃博拉病毒是如何逐漸變得致命的。故選C。

　　2．Which of the following statements is mentioned in the passage?

　　A．In the first stage, the virus hurts its victims much.

　　B．As the virus spreads, it'll change and become more and more deadly.

　　C．The research in Ebola virus is more advanced than that in other viruses.

　　D．The scientists have a negative attitude to the research in Ebola virus.

　　答案：B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段的They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus, but succeeding transmission(傳送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and become more severe中的關(guān)鍵詞initially可知A是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)文章的倒數(shù)第二段“Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists' skills to close this knowledge gap.”排除C；根據(jù)文章最后三段可排除D；根據(jù)文章第一段的最后一句話的后半句succeeding transmission(傳送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and become more severe可知選B。

　　3．The underlined word “fatal” has the closest meaning to ________.

　　A．optimistic

　　B．deadly

　　C．common

　　D．fantastic

　　答案：B　詞義猜測題。optimistic樂觀的；deadly致命的；common常見的；fantastic奇異的。根據(jù)文章第四段的The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies和該段的the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus可知埃博拉病毒變得更加致命。由此推斷fatal是致命的。故選B。

　　4．Where can we probably read this passage?

　　A．In a science report.

　　B．In a storybook.

　　C．In an advertisement.

　　D．In a textbook.

　　答案：A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。In a science report在科技報(bào)告上；In a storybook在故事書中；In an advertisement在一個(gè)廣告中；In a textbook在課本中。通讀全文，并根據(jù)文章介紹埃博拉病毒的研究進(jìn)程判斷選A。

　　(2024·長春市質(zhì)量檢測二)

　　Scientists in Argentina have created the world's first cow with two human genes that will enable it to produce human-like milk.

　　Genetic engineering was used to introduce the “mothers' milk” genes into the animal before birth, according to the National Institute of Agribusiness Technology in Buenos Aires.

　　As an adult the cloned cow “will produce milk that is similar to humans” in what will prove “a development of great importance for the nutrition of infants(嬰兒)”， said the institute.“The cloned cow, named Rosita ISA, is the first in the world that incorporates two human genes that contain the proteins present in human milk，” said the statement.

　　The Argentine team said the Chinese only introduced one human gene, while their research involved two，meaning the milk will more_closely_resemble that of humans.

　　“Our goal was to raise the nutrition value of cows' milk by adding two human genes, which do good to the immune system of the infants.” said Adrian Mutto, from the National University of San Martin which worked with the institute.

　　Cristina Kirchner, President of Argentina, said that the scientific institute “makes all Argentines proud.”She also rejected that she had rejected the “honour” of having the cow named after her. “They came to tell me that the name is Cristina, but what woman would like to have a cow named after her? It appeared to me to be more proper to call it Rosita.”

　　文章大意：這是一篇資訊報(bào)道，屬記敘文體裁，介紹了阿根廷通過添加人類基因的方式培育出了“類人乳”牛。

　　5．What's the passage mainly about?

　　A．The importance of genetic engineering.

　　B．Ways to improve “mothers' milk”．

　　C．A cloned cow to produce human-like milk.

　　D．Advanced agricultural technology in Argentina.

　　答案：C　主旨大意題。根據(jù)科技資訊報(bào)道的特點(diǎn)，在文章第一段就會(huì)出現(xiàn)文章主題句，即 Scientists in Argentina have created the world's first cow with two human genes that will enable it to produce human-like milk.即可得出正確結(jié)論，故選C。

　　6．Which of the following can best replace “more closely resemble” in Paragraph 4?

　　A．have more varieties than

　　B．be more similar to

　　C．have more nutrition than

　　D．be more different from

　　答案：B　詞義猜測題。第四段內(nèi)容介紹了中國培育了加入一個(gè)人類基因的牛可以被認(rèn)為 “human-like”，那么阿根廷加入兩個(gè)，足見是“更接近人乳”了，故選B。

　　7．What can be inferred from Cristina Kirchner's statements?

　　A．She was quite satisfied with the research done by the institute.

　　B．She considered it an honor to name the special cow.

　　C．She felt it improper to be named after the cow.

　　D．She refused to give a name to the cow out of self-respect.

　　答案：A　推理判斷題。女總統(tǒng)的話the scientific institute “makes all Argentines proud” 說明A 正確。B中說她認(rèn)為給牛命名是一種榮耀，并未提及。最后一段，只要明確name和name after區(qū)別即可。be named after her 是以她的名字命名，而be named after the cow是以牛的名字命名；顯然C是錯(cuò)誤的，而D中g(shù)ive a name to the cow是給牛起名的意思，故D不對。

　　Ⅱ.語法填空

　　閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

　　(2024·甘肅省部分普通高中第一次聯(lián)考)

　　The truth __1__ trees are vital to our life is not a secret. They provide us with food, wood and most __2__(important), oxygen. Now there is one more thing we can add to this list—blocking out harmful bacteria from water.

　　The discovery

　　__3__(make) by a team __4__(consist) of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and high school students __5__

　　were seeking a natural water filter—one that would help communities in developing countries that do not have __6__(accessible) to modern water filter systems.

　　The __7__(research), led by Professor Rohit Karnik, decided to turn to trees for help because they could allow liquid to flow through, while blocking out air bubbles.

　　They began by cutting 1.5-inch-wide sections of tree bark from the branches of a white pine tree. The people related then tested the wood's filtering ability by pouring water containing red dye particles of different sizes through. __8__ their amazement, they found that it was effective in trapping all the articles.

　　__9__(encourage), the team conducted

　　__10__ experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria. Sure enough, the sapwood held back 99% of the bacteria, allowing only 1% to flow through.

　　1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______

　　6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______

　　文章大意：樹木作用巨大。最新研究表明，它們能去除水中的細(xì)菌。

　　1．命題立意：考查同位語從句。

　　答案：that　此處是同位語從句，又因?yàn)閺木渲胁蝗鄙俪煞郑蔬x用從屬連詞that。

　　2．命題立意：考查形容詞和副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　答案：importantly　此處most importantly是在修飾謂語動(dòng)詞provide，故用副詞。句意為“他們?yōu)槲覀兲峁┝耸澄锖湍绢^，更重要的是提供了氧氣”。

　　3．命題立意：考查謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。

　　答案：was made　此處指上文中的新發(fā)現(xiàn)是由一個(gè)被幾個(gè)科學(xué)家組成的隊(duì)伍做出的，the discovery和make之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由本句話可知，用一般過去時(shí)。

　　4．命題立意：考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。

　　答案：consisting　此處是現(xiàn)在分詞短語“consisting of scientists”作后置定語，修飾team。因?yàn)楸恍揎椩~team和consist之間是主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。

　　5．命題立意：考查定語從句。

　　答案：who/that　分析句子可知此處為who/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，因?yàn)橄刃性~是students，并且students在后面的定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，故用who/that。

　　6．命題立意：考查形容詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　答案：access　have access to，意思為“使用，接近，可以利用”，是固定搭配。

　　7．命題立意：考查動(dòng)詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　答案：researchers　分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，謂語動(dòng)詞為decided，那么能發(fā)出這個(gè)動(dòng)作的主語應(yīng)該為researchers研究人員，研究者。

　　8．命題立意：考查介詞。

　　答案：To　to one's amazement，是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“令某人驚訝的是”。

　　舉一反三：類似的用法有to one's delight，令人高興的是， to one's relief，令人欣慰的等等。 “to ＋ one's ＋情感名詞”是英語中一個(gè)十分有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，主要表示某人由于某事的發(fā)生而喚起其內(nèi)心的某種情感，通常譯為“令某人……的是”“使某人感到……的是”。

　　9．命題立意：考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。

　　答案：Encouraged　此處為分詞作狀語，主語team與encourage之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選用過去分詞“encouraged”。

　　10．命題立意：考查代詞。

　　答案：another　根據(jù)上文可知關(guān)于此事做過實(shí)驗(yàn)，這次是除了上次以外的另一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，故用another，表示“另一個(gè)”。

　　Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)

　　假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加，刪除或修改。

　　增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。

　　刪除：把多余的詞用()劃掉。

　　修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

　　注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

　　2. 只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。

　　(2024·河北衡水中學(xué)測試)

　　Alexander was a military genius or great explorer. But he also had a great ambition. He wanted to rule a country that people could

　　live in peace with one another. From 330 to 327B．C., Alexander led his soldier east, through Afghanistan and into Central Asia. As he travel, he built more cities. He ordered soldiers, merchants, and scholars from many lands to settle here.

　　In 326 B．C. Alexander turned south, into India. But by now his men were tired and weak. They were far home in an unknown land. The soldiers refused to go farther.

　　Unwillingly, Alexander turned back. By 323 B．C., he reached for Babylon in present-day Iraq. There he caught the fever and died at the age of 33.

　　His country was divided between his generals.

　　答案：

　　Alexander was a military genius

　　great explorer. But he also had a great ambition. He wanted to rule a country

　　people could

　　live in peace with one another. From 330 to 327 B．C., Alexander led his

　　east, through Afghanistan and into Central Asia. As he ， he built more cities. He ordered soldiers, merchants, and scholars from many lands to settle .

　　In 326 B．C. Alexander turned south, into India. But by

　　his men were tired and weak. They were far

　　home in an unknown land. The soldiers refused to go farther.

　　Unwillingly, Alexander turned back. By 323 B．C., he reached for Babylon in present-day Iraq. There he caught

　　fever and died at the age of 33.

　　His country was divided

　　his generals.

　　1．命題立意：考查連詞。

　　解析：or→and　根據(jù)句意military genius和great explorer是并列關(guān)系。故改為and。

　　2．命題立意：考查定語從句。

　　解析：that→where　此處為where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，從句中不缺主賓，故用where引導(dǎo)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。故改為where。

　　3．命題立意：考查名詞。