2024年高考英語二輪復習專題講練測：（講）專題07 閱讀理解Ⅳ：篇章結構題（解析版）
【構建知識體系】
篇章結構題考點
2024-2024年高考本專題考查分布明細統計
年份 篇章篇題號 主題 體裁
2024 0
2024 0
2024 1 全國卷Ⅰ，D 過度學習 議論文
【考綱解讀】
考試大綱 要求 考綱解讀
要求考生閱讀4篇短文，從每題所給的4個選項中選出最佳選項。題材廣泛，包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經濟等多方面內容。體裁多樣，以記敘文、議論文、說明文為主。
考查主旨大意、細節理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測、篇章結構等題型。 篇章結構題的考查對象是整個篇章或其中的某個段落。考查同學們在理解全文的基礎上對文章所描述事件的發展順序、所說明事物的結構層次或在論述觀點過程中使用的方法進行推測、歸納和總結的能力。
【剖析高考真題】——預測高考命題方向
[201·全國卷]????
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(嘗試) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學習)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【解析】
【高考預測】
縱觀近幾年高考試題，2024年高考試題①設置1道篇章結構題，考查考生對整個篇章或其中的某個段落②題型設置主要是讓考生分析某一段落或全文的結構或寫作方法，也可能讓考生試著猜測緊接著最后一段可能會寫什么內容。
【精講研法】——課堂講解突破核心考點
考點
篇章結構題
【例1】According to sociologists(社會學家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(階層)．Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class.Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power，but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however.For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相應的) economic class.Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U．S.Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so.For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.(2024·陜西，C)
56．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
(P：Paragraph)
【答案】A
【解析】文章結構題。文章第一段總述三者對一個人社會等級的影響，然后依次分述class，power和status三個因素。文章是總分式，故選擇A項。
【例】but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(嘗試) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學習)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
（2024全國卷Ⅰ，D）
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【解析】
【例】The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water.With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture，the worldwide supply of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the world’s agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.
This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly managed.
Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.2010安徽卷E）
74.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?
A.Steps to improve water use management.
B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.
C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.
D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.
【答案】A
【解析】篇章結構。文章論述了水資源匱乏的原因，可采取的措施及嚴峻的用水形式，本題A、B、C、D四項中極有可能再論述到的內容應是對有限的水資源的充分利用問題。
規律方法： 如何分析
解答此類題目首先要了解文章結構，從段落組織方式上看，有三種形式：總分式結構(總→分→總；總→分；分→總)、并列式結構(段落之間是平行關系，并且相對獨立)、對照式結構(結構形式是一正一反)。要想準確深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結構有所了解，把握文章的脈搏，特別是把握段與段之間的邏輯關系，然后分析作者采用了什么論證手段例、比較、類比等證明主題，從而正確解答試題。近幾年還有些試題考查全文或某一段落是以什么樣的形式展開論述的，一般來說有的按事情發展的順序，有的按時間的先后順序，有的按人物的活動內容，還有的按地點或空間的位置變換，閱讀時要特別注意。【變式精練】2011安徽卷B）
Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources(來源)，as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills(風車) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s，when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.
For many centuries，people used windmills to grind(磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However，by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.
During the 1970s，people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then，wind was rediscovered，though it means higher costs.Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.
4.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A.The advantage of wind power.
B.The design of wind power plants.
C.The worldwide movement to save energy.
D.The global trend towards producing power from wind.
【答案】D
【答案解析】篇章結構類。根據文章第三段最后一句“Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.”可以推斷下一步就要涉及風能在全世界的開發利用趨勢，即“The global trend (趨勢) towards producing power from wind.”。因此D項正確。
【構建知識體系】
篇章結構題考點
2024-2024年高考本專題考查分布明細統計
年份 篇章篇題號 主題 體裁
2024 0
2024 0
2024 1 全國卷Ⅰ，D 過度學習 議論文
【考綱解讀】
考試大綱 要求 考綱解讀
要求考生閱讀4篇短文，從每題所給的4個選項中選出最佳選項。題材廣泛，包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經濟等多方面內容。體裁多樣，以記敘文、議論文、說明文為主。
考查主旨大意、細節理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測、篇章結構等題型。 篇章結構題的考查對象是整個篇章或其中的某個段落。考查同學們在理解全文的基礎上對文章所描述事件的發展順序、所說明事物的結構層次或在論述觀點過程中使用的方法進行推測、歸納和總結的能力。
【剖析高考真題】——預測高考命題方向
[201·全國卷]????
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(嘗試) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學習)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【解析】
【高考預測】
縱觀近幾年高考試題，2024年高考試題①設置1道篇章結構題，考查考生對整個篇章或其中的某個段落②題型設置主要是讓考生分析某一段落或全文的結構或寫作方法，也可能讓考生試著猜測緊接著最后一段可能會寫什么內容。
【精講研法】——課堂講解突破核心考點
考點
篇章結構題
【例1】According to sociologists(社會學家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(階層)．Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class.Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power，but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however.For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相應的) economic class.Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U．S.Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so.For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.(2024·陜西，C)
56．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
(P：Paragraph)
【答案】A
【解析】文章結構題。文章第一段總述三者對一個人社會等級的影響，然后依次分述class，power和status三個因素。文章是總分式，故選擇A項。
【例】but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(嘗試) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學習)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
（2024全國卷Ⅰ，D）
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【解析】
【例】The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water.With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture，the worldwide supply of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the world’s agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.
This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly managed.
Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.2010安徽卷E）
74.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?
A.Steps to improve water use management.
B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.
C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.
D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.
【答案】A
【解析】篇章結構。文章論述了水資源匱乏的原因，可采取的措施及嚴峻的用水形式，本題A、B、C、D四項中極有可能再論述到的內容應是對有限的水資源的充分利用問題。
規律方法： 如何分析
解答此類題目首先要了解文章結構，從段落組織方式上看，有三種形式：總分式結構(總→分→總；總→分；分→總)、并列式結構(段落之間是平行關系，并且相對獨立)、對照式結構(結構形式是一正一反)。要想準確深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結構有所了解，把握文章的脈搏，特別是把握段與段之間的邏輯關系，然后分析作者采用了什么論證手段例、比較、類比等證明主題，從而正確解答試題。近幾年還有些試題考查全文或某一段落是以什么樣的形式展開論述的，一般來說有的按事情發展的順序，有的按時間的先后順序，有的按人物的活動內容，還有的按地點或空間的位置變換，閱讀時要特別注意。【變式精練】2011安徽卷B）
Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources(來源)，as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills(風車) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s，when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.
For many centuries，people used windmills to grind(磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However，by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.
During the 1970s，people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then，wind was rediscovered，though it means higher costs.Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.
4.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A.The advantage of wind power.
B.The design of wind power plants.
C.The worldwide movement to save energy.
D.The global trend towards producing power from wind.
【答案】D
【答案解析】篇章結構類。根據文章第三段最后一句“Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.”可以推斷下一步就要涉及風能在全世界的開發利用趨勢，即“The global trend (趨勢) towards producing power from wind.”。因此D項正確。
