2024屆江蘇省常州市高考英語二輪復習訓練：閱讀理解（1）

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　　江蘇常州市2024高考英語閱讀理解二輪訓練（1）

　　閱讀理解歷來都是高考英語試卷中難度最大、區分度最高的題型，它要求考生理解文章的主旨和要義；理解文中的具體信息；根據上下文推斷生詞的詞義；理解文章的基本結構；理解作者的意圖、觀點和態度等。下面我們來探討一下高考閱讀理解的解題思路。

　　一、主旨大意題

　　此類題型主要考查考生的歸納、概括等能力。一種命題方式是對整篇文章或者某一段落大意的概括，提問方式一般是：What is the text mainly about?/What is the main idea of the text/ the second paragraph?；另一種命題方式是提煉文章的標題，其提問方式一般是：What can be the best title for the text?

　　閱讀時，文章的開頭、結尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特別重要，因為它們往往包含文章的中心議題。有時候，文章或段落中沒有明確的主題句，需要我們根據所提供的信息歸納出文章或段落的主旨大意。同時要注意提煉文章的關鍵詞。此外，標題類題目還要追求語言的生動和趣味性。如：

　　(2024B篇)

　　Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving (鋪砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.

　　63. The text is mainly about ______.

　　A. why paving roads reduces our water

　　B. how much we depend on water to live

　　C. why droughts occur more in dry climates

　　D. how human activity affects our water supply

　　解析：文章主要介紹了由于一些不合理的人類活動，導致了水資源的短缺，呼吁大家從我做起，從小事做起來保護水資源。文章的第一句就揭示了文章的主題：人類活動影響著水資源的供應。

　　(2024天津卷C篇)

　　Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (繞行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.

　　50. What could be the best title for the passage?

　　A. Charm of the Detour

　　B. The Road to Bravery

　　C. Creativity out of Necessity

　　D. Road Trip and Country Life

　　解析：作者以詩人William Stafford對繞行道的理解引題，加上自己的親身經歷，進一步理解了繞行道更深刻的意義——它會讓你發現旅行中最好的部分，也發現最好的自己。由此我們概括出文章的標題：繞路的魅力。

　　二、細節理解題

　　細節理解題主要考查考生對閱讀材料中某一特定細節或文章的主要事實的理解能力。它的設題方式主要有以下兩種：

　　1. 以what, who, which, when, where, why, how等特殊疑問句的方式來提問，針對文章中的具體事物、人物、時間、地點、原因(目的)、方式等來設問考查。解這類題時，大家可以帶著問題去閱讀文章，最后采用“對號入座”的辦法，把原文信息跟后面的題目對照，最后確定出正確答案。如:

　　(2024課標卷I A篇)

　　Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my family’s last vacation. It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school, and we were heading home form Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York, so I had to get back. But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.

　　56. Why did Delta give the author’s family credits?

　　A. They took a later flight.

　　B. They had early bookings.

　　C. Their flight had been delayed.

　　D. Their flight had been cancelled.

　　解析：本文為夾敘夾議文。作者通過講述自己的親身經歷來闡明觀點，即如何獲取金錢的最大利用價值，從而理性消費。利用關鍵詞查詢可以在第一段中找到The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day這些相關信息。由該句可知，因為航班超員，航空公司(Delta)以信用卡的形式補償我們每人400美金，要我們放棄座位，第二天再離開。故選A項(他們乘坐了較晚的航班)。

　　2. 以不完整的句子形式，針對文章的某個細節設題，考查考生對此事實細節的認定和理解能力。如：

　　(2024課標卷I B篇)

　　Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise (同樣地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.

　　61. Babies are sensitive to the change in ______.

　　A. the size of cards

　　B. the colour of pictures

　　C. the shape of patterns

　　D. the number of objects

　　解析：，When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves可知，，D。

　　三、推理判斷題

　　推理判斷題主要考查考生對文章的深層理解和挖掘，往往針對作者的態度或觀點、文章的隱含意義、文章的寫作目的、文章的體裁或者出處來設題考查。題干中往往含有一些標志性詞語: infer, suggest, imply, conclude等。

　　命題方式一般有：

　　What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　What does the second paragraph suggest?

　　What attitude does the author of the text have towards …?

　　What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

　　做推理判斷題時，考生要注意挖掘文章的隱含信息，從已知獲得未知，而不是憑空臆斷。很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了作者的態度、觀點及作者的寫作意圖。考生應認真閱讀文章并找出反映語境褒貶性的關鍵性詞匯或句子，這對我們掌握文章主旨文意、把握作者觀點態度，從而正確地進行邏輯推斷大有好處。如：

　　(2024課標卷IA篇)

　　Now some people may think I’m a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.

　　57. What can we learn about the author?

　　A. She rarely misses a good deal.

　　B. She seldom makes a compromise.

　　C. She is very strict with her children.

　　D. She is interested in cheap products.

　　解析：根據文中第三段可知，作為一名一流的討價還價高手，作者知道每一美元的價值，由此推斷，她幾乎不會錯過任何一筆能獲利的交易，故選A。

　　(2024課標卷IC篇)

　　But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, people named J.K. Rowling, John Grisham, Sophie Kinsella (ah, the big sellers, in other words). Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story (I’ll come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so).

　　67. What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers?

　　A. Favorable.

　　B. Uncaring.

　　C. Doubtful.

　　D. Friendly.

　　解析：astonished可知，58%的人也產生了懷疑，C項。

　　(2024安徽卷A篇)

　　The Healthy Habits Survey(調查)shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits. Here are some findings and expert advice.

　　59. The text probably comes from _____.

　　A. a guide book

　　B. a popular magazine

　　C. a book review

　　D. an official document

　　解析：本文介紹了對美國年長者健康生活習慣的調查結果及專家建議。這是一份調查報告，出現的地方最可能是雜志，故選B項。

　　四、語義猜測題

　　語義推測題考查的可以是單詞，也可以是短語或句子；可以是生詞，也可以是熟詞生義；還可以是代詞的指代。

　　語義猜測題常見命題形式有：

　　The underlined word can be best replaced by ________.

　　Which of the following has the closest meaning to…?

　　What does the underlined word … probably mean?

　　語義猜測題常用解題技巧有：

　　1. 根據上下文語境進行猜測；

　　2. 根據構詞法(合成、派生、轉化等)進行猜測；

　　3. 根據因果、遞進、對比、轉折、同位等關系進行推斷。如：

　　(2024課標卷IIC篇)

　　The CRF’s produce is “green”, made within the country and divided into 10 lines, with the Alcohol Series being the most popular. The Exotic Series — with Sichuan pepper, red bean (豆), cheese and other flavors — also does well and is fun to taste. And for chocolate snobs, who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela, and Ghana, among others.

　　47. The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who _____.

　　A. are particular about chocolate

　　B. know little about cocoa beans

　　C. look down upon others

　　D. like to try new flavors

　　解析：根據chocolate snobs后面的定語從句句意“他們認為自己比別人更了解巧克力”可推斷出答案為A項：這些人對制作巧克力的原材料很挑剔。

　　(2024山東卷D篇)

　　Sparrow failed to grow for another two years, until a new CEO, Carl Pearson, decided to build up its market share. He did a survey, which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain, while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them. Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.

　　72. What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

　　A. Customers of Sparrow restaurants.

　　B. Sparrow restaurants.

　　C. Customers of other fast-food chains.

　　D. Other fast-food chains.

　　解析：本文主要介紹了快餐連鎖店Sparrow的經營遭受到了前所未有的困難，在此危難關頭新的CEO Carl Pearson用自己獨特的經營理念拯救了它，使它一躍成為最成功的快餐連鎖店之一。劃線單詞所在句子表達為：他作的調查顯示那些在Sparrow消費過的顧客對其充滿積極支持的態度，而其他快餐店的顧客也不愿意離開它們，由此可知them指代的是“其他的快餐連鎖店”，故選D項。

　　(2024北京卷A篇)

　　The advanced EP also heats the room evenly, wall to wall and floor to ceiling. It comfortably covers an area up to 350 square feet. Other heaters heat rooms unevenly with most of the heat concentrated to the center of the room. And they only heat an area a few feet around the heater. With the EP, the temperature will not vary in any part of the room.

　　58. The underlined word “evenly” in Paragraph 4 probably means _____.

　　A. continuously

　　B. separately

　　C. quickly

　　D. equally

　　解析：根據本段內容可知，此款加熱器可以很均勻地加熱屋子而不像其他加熱器那樣只加熱屋子中心部分，故此題選擇D項equally “平等地，均勻地”。

　　社會生活類。

　　閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。

　　The round-the-clock (24小時不斷的)availability that cell phones have brought to people’s lives may be taking a toll on family life, a new study suggests. The study, which followed more than 1, 300 adults over 2 years, found that those who consistently used a mobile phone throughout the study period were more likely to report negative“spillover”between work and home life—and, in turn, less satisfaction with their family life.

　　Spillover essentially (本質上)means that the line between work and home begins to become unclear. Work life may invade home life when a parent is taking job-related calls at home, for instance—or family issues may start to take up work time. For example, a child may call mom at work, telling her “microwave exploded”,　explained Noelle Chesley, an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the author of the study. The problem with cell phones seems to be that they are allowing for ever more spillover between work and home.

　　This may be especially true for working women, the study found. Among men, consistent use of mobile phones seemed to allow more work issues to creep (潛入)into family time. But for women, the spillover tended to go in both directions. Being “connected”meant that work cut into home time, and family issues came into work life.

　　Cell phones seem to be opening more lines for stressful exchanges among family members. But there may be ways to control the spillover, according to Chesley. Employers, she said, could look at their policies on contacting employees after working hours to make sure their expectations are“reasonable”. For their part, employees could decide that cell phones go off during family time, Chesley said.

　　1. The underlined phrase“taking a toll on”in Paragraph 1 probably means ______.　

　　A. explainingB. protectingC. extendingD. damaging

　　2. What is the purpose of offering the example“microwave exploded”in Paragraph 2?

　　A. To show the microwave is of poor quality.

　　B. To indicate how dependent the child is.

　　C. To indicate family issues affect work hours.

　　D. To show work time creeps into family life.

　　3. As a result of negative“spillover”, people will feel ______.　

　　A. less satisfied with their family life

　　B. less satisfied with their work

　　C. angry with their troublesome children

　　D. unwilling to get married at an early age