黑龍江省名校高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題第2講代詞
一、替代詞one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those的用法 1.one替代單數(shù)名詞,通常為泛指的不特定的名詞,ones為其復(fù)數(shù)形式。the one替代前面的單數(shù)名詞,表示特指,往往其后帶定語(yǔ),the ones為其復(fù)數(shù)形式。 I haven't got a computer.I want to buy one next year. 我沒(méi)有電腦,我想明年買一臺(tái)。 The dictionary on the desk is much better than that/the one on the shelf.桌子上的那本詞典比架子上的那本要好。 2.that既可以替代特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可以替代特指的不可數(shù)名詞,替代特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),相當(dāng)于the one。 The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.在冬季,北京的天氣要比南京的天氣冷得多。 3.those替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于the ones。 Students in Class One are more hard-working than those in Class Two.一班的學(xué)生比二班的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)更努力。 【注意】 one替代前邊的名詞,作前邊名詞的同位語(yǔ)時(shí),前邊名詞若是特指,要用the one;若是泛指則用one。 He is a kind student,one who always helps others. 他是一個(gè)熱心腸的學(xué)生,一個(gè)總是幫助別人的學(xué)生。 He is the most excellent student,the one who wins the first prize.他就是那個(gè)最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生,那個(gè)贏得一等獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生。 二、it的用法 1.用作人稱代詞,代替前面提到的事物或人,在句子中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 —Who's that?誰(shuí)呀? —It's me.是我。 Your story is interesting,but I don't like it. 你的故事很有趣,但是我不喜歡。 2.用以代替指示代詞(this,that)。 —What's this?這是什么? —It's a panda.是只熊貓。 —Whose exercise-book is that?那是誰(shuí)的練習(xí)本? —It's hers.是她的。 3.當(dāng)說(shuō)話者不清楚或沒(méi)必要知道說(shuō)話對(duì)象的性別時(shí),也可用it來(lái)表示。 What a beautiful baby!Is it a boy? 多漂亮的寶寶啊!是個(gè)男孩嗎? 4.用作非人稱代詞,表示時(shí)間、日期、天氣、溫度、距離等,常用作句子的主語(yǔ)。 It is Saturday today.今天是星期六。 It's two kilometers from school to my home. 從我家到學(xué)校有兩公里遠(yuǎn)。 5.含糊地指情況、狀況。 How is it in the market?市場(chǎng)上的情況怎樣? It is quiet in the reading room.閱覽室里鴉雀無(wú)聲。 6.it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ),而把不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)或名詞性從句等真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)置于句末。 It's impolite to speak to others with your mouth full of food.嘴里含著食物跟人說(shuō)話是不禮貌的。 It's no use going there so early. 這么早去那兒沒(méi)什么用處。 I think it more important to learn a foreign language well. 我認(rèn)為學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)更為重要。 He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是不容易的。
7.用作look,seem,appear,happen等詞的主語(yǔ)。 It seems that he lost his way.他好像迷路了。 It happened that I saw him yesterday. 我昨天碰巧看見(jiàn)他了。 8.it用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞,尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后面,如:enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,appreciate,don't mind,be fond of,feel like,see to,depend on等后。 I hate it when I have to join the party. 不得不參加聚會(huì)我感到討厭。 I will appreciate it if you can help me. 如能幫忙,我不勝感激。 You may depend on it that they will support you. 你相信好了,他們會(huì)支持你的。
三、不定代詞的用法 1.both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法 都 任何 都不 兩者 both either neither 三者或三者以上 all any none —When shall we meet again? 咱們什么時(shí)候再見(jiàn)面? —Make it any day you like;it's all the same to me. 你喜歡哪天就哪天,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),哪天都無(wú)所謂。 —Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? 周一和周二你哪天能來(lái)? —I'm afraid neither day is possible. 恐怕(這兩天)哪天都不行。 —Do you want tea or coffee?你要茶還是要咖啡? —Either.I really don't mind. (這兩種)哪個(gè)都行,我都不介意。 2.none,nothing,nobody(no one)的區(qū)別 (1)none既可指人,也可指物,且表特指概念,常回答how many,how much引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句;nobody(no one)只能指人,且表泛指概念,常回答who引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句;nothing只能指物,且表泛指概念,常回答what引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。 —How much money do you have?你有多少錢? —None.一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有。 —What are you doing now?你在做什么? —Nothing.什么也沒(méi)做。 (2)none往往與前面的some/any/every+名詞相對(duì)應(yīng);nothing往往與前面的something/anything/everything相對(duì)應(yīng);no one往往與前面的somebody (one)/everybody (one)/anybody (one)相對(duì)應(yīng)。 If I had some money,I would lend him some,but unfortunately,I have none. 如果我有錢的話,我就借給他一些,但不幸的是,我沒(méi)錢。 (3)none后面可跟of短語(yǔ),而something/anything/ everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one卻不能。 As we were asleep,none of us heard the sound. 由于我們?cè)谒X(jué),因此沒(méi)人聽(tīng)到那聲音。 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.他們當(dāng)中沒(méi)人知道那項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,因?yàn)槟沁€是秘密。 3.each,every的區(qū)別 each強(qiáng)調(diào)“個(gè)體”,可作代詞和形容詞,指“兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上中的每一個(gè)”;every強(qiáng)調(diào)“全體”,只能作定語(yǔ),指“三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的每一個(gè)”。each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),不影響謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù),不可用not each表部分否定。 Each of my children goes to a different school. 我的幾個(gè)孩子各自在不同的學(xué)校上學(xué)。 Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.=The tickets cost 10 dollars each.=The tickets each cost 10 dollars. 每張票十美元。(后兩句中each作同位語(yǔ)) Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠(chéng)實(shí)。 4.one,another,the other;some,others,the others的區(qū)別 一個(gè)/一些 另外一個(gè)/一些 剩余的一個(gè)/一些 單數(shù) one another the other 復(fù)數(shù) some others the others 但注意下列句子: Would you please make it
?(=another day)能否改在另一天呢? He will stay here for
.(=3 more days) 他還要在這里呆三天。 He has
close friends like John. 他沒(méi)有別的像John那樣的好朋友了。 some
other
day another
3
days no other 此外,the other只能加可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)),不可加不可數(shù)名詞;但另外一個(gè)短語(yǔ)the rest of(剩余的)后可以加復(fù)數(shù)名詞,還可以加不可數(shù)名詞;副詞else只能放在不定代詞或特殊疑問(wèn)詞后。 四、全部否定和部分否定 all,both,everyone/everybody/everything以及every+名詞都表示全部肯定;no one,none,nobody,nothing,not...any,以及no+名詞都表示全部否定;但當(dāng)not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中,不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外not與總括性副詞如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等連用時(shí)也表示部分否定。
一、替代詞one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those的用法 1.one替代單數(shù)名詞,通常為泛指的不特定的名詞,ones為其復(fù)數(shù)形式。the one替代前面的單數(shù)名詞,表示特指,往往其后帶定語(yǔ),the ones為其復(fù)數(shù)形式。 I haven't got a computer.I want to buy one next year. 我沒(méi)有電腦,我想明年買一臺(tái)。 The dictionary on the desk is much better than that/the one on the shelf.桌子上的那本詞典比架子上的那本要好。 2.that既可以替代特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可以替代特指的不可數(shù)名詞,替代特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),相當(dāng)于the one。 The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.在冬季,北京的天氣要比南京的天氣冷得多。 3.those替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于the ones。 Students in Class One are more hard-working than those in Class Two.一班的學(xué)生比二班的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)更努力。 【注意】 one替代前邊的名詞,作前邊名詞的同位語(yǔ)時(shí),前邊名詞若是特指,要用the one;若是泛指則用one。 He is a kind student,one who always helps others. 他是一個(gè)熱心腸的學(xué)生,一個(gè)總是幫助別人的學(xué)生。 He is the most excellent student,the one who wins the first prize.他就是那個(gè)最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生,那個(gè)贏得一等獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生。 二、it的用法 1.用作人稱代詞,代替前面提到的事物或人,在句子中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 —Who's that?誰(shuí)呀? —It's me.是我。 Your story is interesting,but I don't like it. 你的故事很有趣,但是我不喜歡。 2.用以代替指示代詞(this,that)。 —What's this?這是什么? —It's a panda.是只熊貓。 —Whose exercise-book is that?那是誰(shuí)的練習(xí)本? —It's hers.是她的。 3.當(dāng)說(shuō)話者不清楚或沒(méi)必要知道說(shuō)話對(duì)象的性別時(shí),也可用it來(lái)表示。 What a beautiful baby!Is it a boy? 多漂亮的寶寶啊!是個(gè)男孩嗎? 4.用作非人稱代詞,表示時(shí)間、日期、天氣、溫度、距離等,常用作句子的主語(yǔ)。 It is Saturday today.今天是星期六。 It's two kilometers from school to my home. 從我家到學(xué)校有兩公里遠(yuǎn)。 5.含糊地指情況、狀況。 How is it in the market?市場(chǎng)上的情況怎樣? It is quiet in the reading room.閱覽室里鴉雀無(wú)聲。 6.it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ),而把不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)或名詞性從句等真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)置于句末。 It's impolite to speak to others with your mouth full of food.嘴里含著食物跟人說(shuō)話是不禮貌的。 It's no use going there so early. 這么早去那兒沒(méi)什么用處。 I think it more important to learn a foreign language well. 我認(rèn)為學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)更為重要。 He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是不容易的。
7.用作look,seem,appear,happen等詞的主語(yǔ)。 It seems that he lost his way.他好像迷路了。 It happened that I saw him yesterday. 我昨天碰巧看見(jiàn)他了。 8.it用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞,尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后面,如:enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,appreciate,don't mind,be fond of,feel like,see to,depend on等后。 I hate it when I have to join the party. 不得不參加聚會(huì)我感到討厭。 I will appreciate it if you can help me. 如能幫忙,我不勝感激。 You may depend on it that they will support you. 你相信好了,他們會(huì)支持你的。
三、不定代詞的用法 1.both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法 都 任何 都不 兩者 both either neither 三者或三者以上 all any none —When shall we meet again? 咱們什么時(shí)候再見(jiàn)面? —Make it any day you like;it's all the same to me. 你喜歡哪天就哪天,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),哪天都無(wú)所謂。 —Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? 周一和周二你哪天能來(lái)? —I'm afraid neither day is possible. 恐怕(這兩天)哪天都不行。 —Do you want tea or coffee?你要茶還是要咖啡? —Either.I really don't mind. (這兩種)哪個(gè)都行,我都不介意。 2.none,nothing,nobody(no one)的區(qū)別 (1)none既可指人,也可指物,且表特指概念,常回答how many,how much引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句;nobody(no one)只能指人,且表泛指概念,常回答who引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句;nothing只能指物,且表泛指概念,常回答what引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。 —How much money do you have?你有多少錢? —None.一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有。 —What are you doing now?你在做什么? —Nothing.什么也沒(méi)做。 (2)none往往與前面的some/any/every+名詞相對(duì)應(yīng);nothing往往與前面的something/anything/everything相對(duì)應(yīng);no one往往與前面的somebody (one)/everybody (one)/anybody (one)相對(duì)應(yīng)。 If I had some money,I would lend him some,but unfortunately,I have none. 如果我有錢的話,我就借給他一些,但不幸的是,我沒(méi)錢。 (3)none后面可跟of短語(yǔ),而something/anything/ everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one卻不能。 As we were asleep,none of us heard the sound. 由于我們?cè)谒X(jué),因此沒(méi)人聽(tīng)到那聲音。 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.他們當(dāng)中沒(méi)人知道那項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,因?yàn)槟沁€是秘密。 3.each,every的區(qū)別 each強(qiáng)調(diào)“個(gè)體”,可作代詞和形容詞,指“兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上中的每一個(gè)”;every強(qiáng)調(diào)“全體”,只能作定語(yǔ),指“三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的每一個(gè)”。each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),不影響謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù),不可用not each表部分否定。 Each of my children goes to a different school. 我的幾個(gè)孩子各自在不同的學(xué)校上學(xué)。 Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.=The tickets cost 10 dollars each.=The tickets each cost 10 dollars. 每張票十美元。(后兩句中each作同位語(yǔ)) Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠(chéng)實(shí)。 4.one,another,the other;some,others,the others的區(qū)別 一個(gè)/一些 另外一個(gè)/一些 剩余的一個(gè)/一些 單數(shù) one another the other 復(fù)數(shù) some others the others 但注意下列句子: Would you please make it
?(=another day)能否改在另一天呢? He will stay here for
.(=3 more days) 他還要在這里呆三天。 He has
close friends like John. 他沒(méi)有別的像John那樣的好朋友了。 some
other
day another
3
days no other 此外,the other只能加可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)),不可加不可數(shù)名詞;但另外一個(gè)短語(yǔ)the rest of(剩余的)后可以加復(fù)數(shù)名詞,還可以加不可數(shù)名詞;副詞else只能放在不定代詞或特殊疑問(wèn)詞后。 四、全部否定和部分否定 all,both,everyone/everybody/everything以及every+名詞都表示全部肯定;no one,none,nobody,nothing,not...any,以及no+名詞都表示全部否定;但當(dāng)not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中,不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外not與總括性副詞如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等連用時(shí)也表示部分否定。