高考英語語法精品講練:第五章動詞不定式
高中英語語法精講第五章動詞不定式
動詞不定式是動詞的一種非謂語形式,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語。動詞不定式具有動詞的性質(zhì),它可以有自己的賓語和狀語,從而構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語。它還可以有形式的變化,即一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動式。同時(shí),動詞不定式也具有非動詞的性質(zhì),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞、形容詞或副詞,可以在句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語和狀語。一、動詞不定式的特征和種類
動詞不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。 A.不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。
He appears to be very happy.他看起來好像很高興。(同時(shí)發(fā)生)
To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.為了趕上火車,我們最好趕緊乘出租車去車站。(to catch the train發(fā)生在hurry to the station之后) B.不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語動詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.我到達(dá)那里的時(shí)候,天碰巧在下雨。
I'm glad to be traveling with you.我很高興和你一起旅游。 C.不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生。
I'm sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的鑰匙弄丟了。
I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well.我本來想昨晚完成工作的,但是我感覺身體不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.對我來說,被邀請來你們國家是一件很榮幸的事情。 D.不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著。
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.據(jù)說他在倫敦一直住了20年。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉,我一直打擾你。
比較:
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義。
He is said to be studying abroad.據(jù)說他正在國外讀書。(不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動作正在進(jìn)行)
He is said to have studied abroad.據(jù)說他在國外學(xué)習(xí)過。(不定式的完成式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束) E.不定式的被動形式
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式表示的動作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式根據(jù)其與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系,有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。
1.一般式to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.這些是要發(fā)給學(xué)生的書。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
2.完成式to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.據(jù)說這部小說已被譯成多種語言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起來他已經(jīng)被詢問過很多次了。 F.不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天氣不好,我們決定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.從不犯錯(cuò)是不可能的。
注意:謂語動詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義
I did not promise to wake him up.我沒有答應(yīng)叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up.我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。
、動詞不定式的用法
動詞不定式除了不能單獨(dú)作謂語外,幾乎能擔(dān)任句子中所有的句子成分。
A.動詞不定式作主語
不定式具有名詞的特征,可在句子中充當(dāng)主語。
1.不定式短語在句首作主語
To know oneself is difficult.人貴有自知之明。
To say is one thing and to do is another.說是一回事,做又是另一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.愛與被愛是一個(gè)人能獲得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主語
在很多情況下,人們通常用it作為形式上的主語,而把不定式移到謂語之后,使句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得平穩(wěn)一些。
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背對著老師,拒絕回答問題是不禮貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不下苦功就能學(xué)會外語是不可能的。
It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪費(fèi)了這么多時(shí)間,真是遺憾。
注意:
當(dāng)主語和表語都是不定式時(shí),不能用形式主語代替動詞不定式。
To respect others is to be respected.尊重別人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom.做奴隸就等于放棄自由。
B.動詞不定式作表語
不定式作表語可以說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut.
他的愿望是成為一名宇航員。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大學(xué)錄取。
To live is to do something worthwhile.活著就是要做一些有價(jià)值的事情。
注意:
有些作表語的不定式,在結(jié)構(gòu)上是主動的,但在意義上卻是被動的。
She is to blame.她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。
The house is to let.此房出租。
The result is not long to see.結(jié)果不久就會看到。
C.動詞不定式作賓語
不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動詞的賓語,也可以充當(dāng)but和except等介詞的賓語以及形容詞的賓語。
1.作動詞的賓語
不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動詞的賓語。
Father likes to listen to music in silence.
父親喜歡靜靜地聽音樂。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg.
他寧愿餓死也不愿乞討。
I never thought to meet you here.我沒想到在這里遇見你。
必背:
可接不定式作賓語的動詞有:
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起
agree同意
aim以……為目標(biāo)
ask要求
attempt嘗試
begin開始
care喜愛
choose決定
continue繼續(xù)
decide決定
desire要求
determine決心
expect期待
fail不能
forget忘記
hate不愿
hope希望
ntend打算
manage設(shè)法
mean打算
offer表示愿意
plan計(jì)劃
prefer寧愿
pretend假裝
promise答應(yīng)
refuse拒絕
remember記起
try努力
want想要
wish希望
在feel, find, make, think, consider等動詞后,如果賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),人們常常用it作形式賓語,而把真實(shí)賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.我發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能不用計(jì)算機(jī)而解出這道題目。
She made it a rule to get up at five.她養(yǎng)成了五點(diǎn)起床的習(xí)慣。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.我覺得被邀請?jiān)跁厦鎸@么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
在表示“希望、打算”等動詞(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的過去式后,可接動詞不定式的完成式來表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動作。
I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想來拜訪你的,但沒來成。
I expected to have met him here last night.我以為昨天晚上能在這里見到他。(但沒做到)
We meant to have stayed there a week.我們原打算在那兒呆一個(gè)星期的。
I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.我原想寫一封信給她,但忘記了。提示:
表示“原打算、原以為”還可以用這類動詞的過去完成時(shí)來表達(dá)。
I had intended to call on you.我原想來拜訪你的。
I had expected to meet him here last night.我原以為昨天晚上能在這里見到他的。
We had meant to stay there a week.我們原打算在那兒呆一個(gè)星期的。
2.作介詞的賓語
不定式可以作介詞but和except的賓語。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.老師除了叫他努力學(xué)習(xí)外,未做任何評價(jià)。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual.
他沒有什么選擇,只好像往常一樣坐在那兒。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently.
我們只能耐心等待。
3.作形容詞的賓語
不定式作形容詞的賓語有兩種句型,一個(gè)是句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語,另一個(gè)是句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。
句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語。這類形容詞有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.
很遺憾,他的情況每況愈下
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不滿足在一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)里過默默無聞的生活。
John was happy to be given the job.約翰得到這份工作很高興。
句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。這類形容詞有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
This problem is easy to solve.這個(gè)問題很容易解決。
The water is not fit to drink.這水不適于飲用。
She is hard to get along with.她這個(gè)人很難相處。
注意:在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果不定式是不及物動詞,則必須加上結(jié)構(gòu)或含義所需的介詞。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在這條河里游泳很危險(xiǎn)。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.席夢思床墊睡上去很舒服。
D.動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
不定式可以在“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”句型中充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語。在這一句型中,賓語是動詞不定式的邏輯主語。
1.在表示感覺的動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語,并且不定式都不帶to。這類動詞有:see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。
I heard them sing yesterday.昨天我聽見他們唱歌了。
Did you see him go out你看見他出去了嗎?
I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么東西爬到我腿上了。
注意:轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時(shí),原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。notice和watch沒有被動語態(tài)。
We saw the car stop. ???????The car was seen to stop.我們看見這輛車停了下來。 ?
2.在使役動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語,不定式不帶to。
這類動詞有:make, let, have等。轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時(shí),其后通常都用帶to的不定式(have沒有被動語態(tài))。
有些動詞跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)省去了to,這些動詞有:
一感二聽三讓四觀看。
一感:feel
二聽:hear, listen to
三讓:let, have, make
四觀看:observe, see, watch., look at
What would you have me do你要我做什么?
She made him give up smoking.她讓他戒了煙。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就讓他干吧。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
雖然經(jīng)常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他卻被小妹妹弄哭了。
3.在表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。這類動詞后的不定式通常是“to be+形容詞或名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我們認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好老師。
He proved that theory (to be) very important.
他證明那個(gè)理論是很重要的。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次見到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好,很誠實(shí)。
4.在表示情感狀態(tài)的動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打擾他。
I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻煩。
5.動詞advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面,多接不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
We don't allow such things to happen again.
我們不容許這種事情再發(fā)生。
Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.大多數(shù)父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽煙。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她請我在她不在的時(shí)候接電話。
Please remind me to leave her this note.請?zhí)嵝盐伊艚o她這張紙條。
She requested him to go with her.她邀請他一同去。
注意:hope, demand, suggest等動詞后面不能接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
【誤】I hope you to give me a hand.
【正】I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能幫我一把。
【正】I wish you to give me a hand.我希望你能幫我一把。
【誤】He demanded me to be present at the meeting.
【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.他要求我們出席會議。
【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我們出席會議。
【誤】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone.
【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建議她不要獨(dú)自去那里。
6.動詞不定式也可作一些短語動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
I'm waiting for James to arrive.我正等著詹姆斯的到來。
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一輛汽車去車站接他們。
The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.聯(lián)合國號召交戰(zhàn)雙方遵守停火協(xié)定。
必背:
這些帶介詞的短語動詞有: