動物們的各種行為動作都只是為了玩耍?
雪后的山坡上，烏鴉像孩子一樣滑雪嬉戲，玩得不亦樂乎，這樣的一幕總會讓人感到驚奇。其實，很多動物都很有“娛樂精神”，比如袋鼠會拳擊，狐貍會蹦床，章魚會玩玩具，魚兒會相互追逐和跳躍……那么問題來了：對于動物們來說，這些行為真的只是玩耍那么簡單嗎?科學家們好像發現了其他的答案……
Perched on the edge of a snowy slope, the youngster drops a small, makeshift sled at his feet. He steps onto it and glides down the incline, struggling to keep his balance. When the sled slows to a stop, he picks it up and trudges back up to the top for another go. Again and again he swoops down the slope.
This could be a scene from any child’s snow day, but it’s also a description of a sledding crow who happened to get captured on camera. Even if you remind yourself that we humans are prone to misleading ourselves by anthropomorphizing other animals, it’s hard not to see the crow as playful. Without additional context, it’s hard to know what the crow’s really up to , but the crow does do a couple things that scientists would identify as play: His actions appear voluntary, yet pointless—there is no obvious function or benefit to what he’s doing—and he repeats the action several times.
As anyone who has accidentally spent hours playing Candy Crush knows, play is fun, but also costly. It takes up time that could be spent doing something productive, or, even worse, it can even be dangerous: Hundreds of people are seriously injured in snowboarding or skiing accidents every year. Yet play is surprisingly common in the animal kingdom. Kangaroos box for fun, octopuses play with toys, foxes jump on trampolines, fish jump and chase. Even wasps have shown evidence of play fighting.
Given the costs, scientists reason that there must be some evolutionary benefit or purpose associated with play. One theory is that play prepares animals for adulthood. In humans, pretend play is a vital stage in development—it helps develop imagination and gives children practice with taking other people’s perspectives. Likewise, it seems like play fights could prepare animals for conflict in adulthood, and that running and jumping could develop strength, endurance, and coordination for hunting or fleeing predators.
But scientists have struggled to find any direct links between play and later preparedness. Zoologist Lynda Sharpe ventured into the Kalahari Desert to study young meerkats’ play behavior. She theorized that if play helped hone adult skills, meerkats who play fought more would win more often in fights as adults, but she found that this was not the case. Another study with kittens found the same thing: play did not correlate with success in adult skills, like catching mice. What scientists have found is that play is sometimes related to general positive outcomes in adulthood; for instance, playful rats are less likely to develop Alzheimer’s , and bears who play as infants are more likely to live past their first year. But just how play could improve health is still mysterious. It might even be that engaging in play is a sign of a health rather than a cause of it.
If play doesn’t improve skills later on, perhaps it serves another purpose. Another theory scientists have considered is that play helps build social bonds or decrease aggression in the group. But though this explanation makes some intuitive sense, there’s little research to back it up. Sharpe’s meerkat studies concluded that meerkats that played were no less aggressive, and that meerkats that played with one another were no more likely to groom one another, a sign of social bonding. A study with wallabies also found no relationship between play and social bonds. Plus, not all play is social—many animals, like the sledding crow, play alone.
Then there’s the possibility that play can moderate stress. Humans feel the need to blow off steam after a long week, and it seems that the proverb “all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy” may apply to animals, too—play-deprived rats become aggressive, for example. Wrestling and play fights activate the same neural pathways used in real fights, so play could train animals to deal with stressful situations. Conversely, when animals experience too much stress, play is often one of the first luxuries to go. An animal that is exhausted or starving must focus all resources on survival.
To some extent, human play comes at the expense of animals’ play. As humans urbanize animals’ natural environments, we take the land for our own purposes; what used to be animals’ playgrounds are now our playgrounds, streets, and buildings. Playing squirrels are killed by cars when they chase each other onto roads, and kangaroos have taken to holding their boxing matches on suburban thoroughfares. Many animals in disrupted habitats become more stressed as they clamor to find homes and food, which leaves less time and energy for play.
On the other hand, by posing new challenges for animals, urbanization also increases cognitive flexibility and brain size of urban animals. The demands of an urban life require ingenuity, and animals that seek out new niches in the environment are more likely to survive. If creativity is a signal of fitness, then our sledding crow friend will do just fine for himself in the city.
Vocabulary
1. perch: 棲息;slope: 斜面，斜坡;makeshift: 臨時的，湊合的;sled: 雪橇。
2. glide: 滑行;incline: 斜面。
3. trudge: 跋涉，步履艱難地走;go: n. 嘗試。
4. swoop: 猛撲，俯沖。
5. 即便你提醒自己說人類很容易將其他動物人格化，從而擾亂自己的判斷，但這只烏鴉確實是在嬉戲，很難視為其他。be prone to: 易于……，有……的傾向;anthropomorphize: 人格化，賦予人性;playful: 頑皮的，愛嬉戲的。
6. be up to: 從事，忙于。
7. Candy Crush: 糖果粉碎傳奇，一款消除類休閑游戲。
8. snowboarding: 滑板滑雪運動。
9. octopus: 章魚;trampoline: 蹦床。
10. wasp: 黃蜂。
11. reason: v. 推論;evolutionary: 進化的，發展的。
12. pretend play: 假裝游戲，是學前兒童的主要游戲類型，比如過家家。
13. endurance: 忍耐力;coordination: 協調;flee: 逃離;predator: 捕食者。
14. zoologist: 動物學家;venture into: 冒險進入;Kalahari Desert: 喀拉哈里沙漠，位于非洲南部;meerkat: 狐獴，又名貓鼬，產于喀拉哈里沙漠，是一種小型、花面的哺乳動物。
15. hone: 磨練，訓練。
16. kitten: 小貓;correlate with: 與……有關。
17. Alzheimer’s: 等于Alzheimer’s disease，老年癡呆癥。
18. intuitive: 直覺的;back up: 支持。
19. 夏普對于貓鼬的研究表明，喜歡玩耍的貓鼬仍然具有攻擊性，而與同伴一起玩耍的貓鼬也不太可能為對方做如梳毛這種能體現社會聯系的事。groom: 為……梳毛。
20. wallaby: 小袋鼠。
21. moderate: 減輕。
22. 人類在度過漫長一周后需要發泄，“只會學習不會玩，聰明的孩子也變傻”這句諺語在動物身上好像也適用，比如很少玩耍的老鼠會變得好斗。blow off steam: 發脾氣，發泄;play-deprived: 缺少游戲的，很少玩耍的。
23. wrestling: 摔跤，格斗;neural pathway: 神經通路。
24. exhausted: 筋疲力盡的;starving: 饑餓的。
25. urbanize: 都市化。
26. suburban: 郊區的，城郊的;thoroughfare: 大道，大街。
27. disrupted: 被破壞的，被中斷的;clamor: 叫囂，喧嚷。
28. cognitive flexibility: 認知靈活性。
29. ingenuity: 心靈手巧，足智多謀;niche: 生態位。
雪后的山坡上，烏鴉像孩子一樣滑雪嬉戲，玩得不亦樂乎，這樣的一幕總會讓人感到驚奇。其實，很多動物都很有“娛樂精神”，比如袋鼠會拳擊，狐貍會蹦床，章魚會玩玩具，魚兒會相互追逐和跳躍……那么問題來了：對于動物們來說，這些行為真的只是玩耍那么簡單嗎?科學家們好像發現了其他的答案……
Perched on the edge of a snowy slope, the youngster drops a small, makeshift sled at his feet. He steps onto it and glides down the incline, struggling to keep his balance. When the sled slows to a stop, he picks it up and trudges back up to the top for another go. Again and again he swoops down the slope.
This could be a scene from any child’s snow day, but it’s also a description of a sledding crow who happened to get captured on camera. Even if you remind yourself that we humans are prone to misleading ourselves by anthropomorphizing other animals, it’s hard not to see the crow as playful. Without additional context, it’s hard to know what the crow’s really up to , but the crow does do a couple things that scientists would identify as play: His actions appear voluntary, yet pointless—there is no obvious function or benefit to what he’s doing—and he repeats the action several times.
As anyone who has accidentally spent hours playing Candy Crush knows, play is fun, but also costly. It takes up time that could be spent doing something productive, or, even worse, it can even be dangerous: Hundreds of people are seriously injured in snowboarding or skiing accidents every year. Yet play is surprisingly common in the animal kingdom. Kangaroos box for fun, octopuses play with toys, foxes jump on trampolines, fish jump and chase. Even wasps have shown evidence of play fighting.
Given the costs, scientists reason that there must be some evolutionary benefit or purpose associated with play. One theory is that play prepares animals for adulthood. In humans, pretend play is a vital stage in development—it helps develop imagination and gives children practice with taking other people’s perspectives. Likewise, it seems like play fights could prepare animals for conflict in adulthood, and that running and jumping could develop strength, endurance, and coordination for hunting or fleeing predators.
But scientists have struggled to find any direct links between play and later preparedness. Zoologist Lynda Sharpe ventured into the Kalahari Desert to study young meerkats’ play behavior. She theorized that if play helped hone adult skills, meerkats who play fought more would win more often in fights as adults, but she found that this was not the case. Another study with kittens found the same thing: play did not correlate with success in adult skills, like catching mice. What scientists have found is that play is sometimes related to general positive outcomes in adulthood; for instance, playful rats are less likely to develop Alzheimer’s , and bears who play as infants are more likely to live past their first year. But just how play could improve health is still mysterious. It might even be that engaging in play is a sign of a health rather than a cause of it.
If play doesn’t improve skills later on, perhaps it serves another purpose. Another theory scientists have considered is that play helps build social bonds or decrease aggression in the group. But though this explanation makes some intuitive sense, there’s little research to back it up. Sharpe’s meerkat studies concluded that meerkats that played were no less aggressive, and that meerkats that played with one another were no more likely to groom one another, a sign of social bonding. A study with wallabies also found no relationship between play and social bonds. Plus, not all play is social—many animals, like the sledding crow, play alone.
Then there’s the possibility that play can moderate stress. Humans feel the need to blow off steam after a long week, and it seems that the proverb “all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy” may apply to animals, too—play-deprived rats become aggressive, for example. Wrestling and play fights activate the same neural pathways used in real fights, so play could train animals to deal with stressful situations. Conversely, when animals experience too much stress, play is often one of the first luxuries to go. An animal that is exhausted or starving must focus all resources on survival.
To some extent, human play comes at the expense of animals’ play. As humans urbanize animals’ natural environments, we take the land for our own purposes; what used to be animals’ playgrounds are now our playgrounds, streets, and buildings. Playing squirrels are killed by cars when they chase each other onto roads, and kangaroos have taken to holding their boxing matches on suburban thoroughfares. Many animals in disrupted habitats become more stressed as they clamor to find homes and food, which leaves less time and energy for play.
On the other hand, by posing new challenges for animals, urbanization also increases cognitive flexibility and brain size of urban animals. The demands of an urban life require ingenuity, and animals that seek out new niches in the environment are more likely to survive. If creativity is a signal of fitness, then our sledding crow friend will do just fine for himself in the city.
Vocabulary
1. perch: 棲息;slope: 斜面，斜坡;makeshift: 臨時的，湊合的;sled: 雪橇。
2. glide: 滑行;incline: 斜面。
3. trudge: 跋涉，步履艱難地走;go: n. 嘗試。
4. swoop: 猛撲，俯沖。
5. 即便你提醒自己說人類很容易將其他動物人格化，從而擾亂自己的判斷，但這只烏鴉確實是在嬉戲，很難視為其他。be prone to: 易于……，有……的傾向;anthropomorphize: 人格化，賦予人性;playful: 頑皮的，愛嬉戲的。
6. be up to: 從事，忙于。
7. Candy Crush: 糖果粉碎傳奇，一款消除類休閑游戲。
8. snowboarding: 滑板滑雪運動。
9. octopus: 章魚;trampoline: 蹦床。
10. wasp: 黃蜂。
11. reason: v. 推論;evolutionary: 進化的，發展的。
12. pretend play: 假裝游戲，是學前兒童的主要游戲類型，比如過家家。
13. endurance: 忍耐力;coordination: 協調;flee: 逃離;predator: 捕食者。
14. zoologist: 動物學家;venture into: 冒險進入;Kalahari Desert: 喀拉哈里沙漠，位于非洲南部;meerkat: 狐獴，又名貓鼬，產于喀拉哈里沙漠，是一種小型、花面的哺乳動物。
15. hone: 磨練，訓練。
16. kitten: 小貓;correlate with: 與……有關。
17. Alzheimer’s: 等于Alzheimer’s disease，老年癡呆癥。
18. intuitive: 直覺的;back up: 支持。
19. 夏普對于貓鼬的研究表明，喜歡玩耍的貓鼬仍然具有攻擊性，而與同伴一起玩耍的貓鼬也不太可能為對方做如梳毛這種能體現社會聯系的事。groom: 為……梳毛。
20. wallaby: 小袋鼠。
21. moderate: 減輕。
22. 人類在度過漫長一周后需要發泄，“只會學習不會玩，聰明的孩子也變傻”這句諺語在動物身上好像也適用，比如很少玩耍的老鼠會變得好斗。blow off steam: 發脾氣，發泄;play-deprived: 缺少游戲的，很少玩耍的。
23. wrestling: 摔跤，格斗;neural pathway: 神經通路。
24. exhausted: 筋疲力盡的;starving: 饑餓的。
25. urbanize: 都市化。
26. suburban: 郊區的，城郊的;thoroughfare: 大道，大街。
27. disrupted: 被破壞的，被中斷的;clamor: 叫囂，喧嚷。
28. cognitive flexibility: 認知靈活性。
29. ingenuity: 心靈手巧，足智多謀;niche: 生態位。
