2024年職稱英語考試理工A完型填空
Solar Power without Solar Cells
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.
This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification4, says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.
This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.
To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . Its already made in bulk10, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.
詞匯：
optical / ?ptik?l / adj.光學的 incoherent /, ink?uhi?r?nt/ adj.非相干的
capacitive / k?p?sitiv/ adj. 電容(量)的 semiconductor /,semik?nd?kt?/ n.半導體
rectification /, rektifikei??n/ n.改正，修正 ceramics / si r?miks/ n.陶瓷
注釋：
1.University of Michigan：密歇根大學。建校于1817 年，是美國名列前茅的公立大學，擁有優良的師資和頂尖的商學院、法學院、醫學院和工學院。
2. heat load：熱負荷
3. magnetic moment：磁矩
4. optical rectification：光學校正
5. doctoral student：博士生
6. positive and negative charges：正電荷與負電荷
7. shone through：shone是shine的過去式。shine through是(光)通過。
8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千萬瓦特的強度
9. incoherent light：非相干光
10.Its already made in bulk：它(指玻璃)已大量生產。in bulk 是大量，成批。
練習：
1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery
2. A modifications B effects C applications D results
3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally
4.A Under B At C On D Over
5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism
6.A plant B equipment C source D line
7.A down B up C together D apart
8. A this B that C those D it
9. A material B lens C meter D detector
10.A produce B convey C use D conduct
11.A remote B poor C effective D rare
12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle
13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting
14.A compact B modern C durable D handy
15. A others B some C all D both
答案與題解：
1.D第一段說密歇根大學發現，光所產生的巨大磁效應有望用于太陽能發電，從而取代傳統的半導體太陽能電池。因此本題的正確選項應該是battery。optical battery是光電池。
optical microscope (光學顯微鏡)、optical instrument (光學儀器)或optical fiber (光纖)與第一段的意思沒有聯系。
2.B 選擇本題的答案的依據還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語是A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心議題是用magnetic effect of light開發新型的太陽能電池。而以前的科學家認為magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去關注它。因此，本題選effects與上下文的意思很連貫。
3. C 本句的意思是：當光通過一種絕緣材料時，光場產生的磁效應比以前想象的要強一億倍。previously是當然的選擇。其他三個選項填入句子中，意思不合邏輯：frequently(頻繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。
4. A under these circumstances 是固定詞組，意為在這種情況下。也可以說in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不與circumstances 連用。
5.A通篇文章談的是光產生的磁效應，所以在太陽能電池中，當然是光進入某種材料起作用。答案是選項A。
6. C 密歇根大學的科學家發現太陽光產生強烈的磁效應，再轉換為電，所以磁效應是產生電的源泉(source)。power plant (發電廠)、power equipment (電力設備)或power line (輸電線)與上文的意思接不上。
7.D or 在本句的意思是即，后面的詞語是解釋專業術語charge separation (電荷分離)。選apart與pushing構成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相當于separation。所以本題的答案是D。
8. B 從上下文判斷，要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據英語語法，替代單數名詞的代詞要用that ，替代復數名詞的代詞要用those。voltage 是單數，所以that 是答案。
9.A從本句句末的such as glass 判斷，要填入的詞一定是包括glass 的概括詞。因此，只有選項material 符合這個條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場效應是由光通過一個不導電的材料( material )而產生的。
10.D 答案的根據可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.選項conduct 是答案。
11.C 激光通過特定材料時能產生charge separation 。密歇根大學科學家發現，陽光通過特定材料時也像激光一樣能產生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大學科學家所說的利用光磁場效應開發新型的太陽能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。
12.C 說這種樣機( this prototype )、技巧( this skill )或這一奇跡( this miracle )能降低太陽能的價格，似乎離題太遠。只有用這一技術( this technology )概括上一段的意思才準確。因此本題答案是technology。
13.A 科學家預測，通過改進材料，可使太陽能轉化成可用能源的效率達到10%。本題的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering (輸送)和transmitting(發射)與能量轉換掛不上號。
14. B 通篇文章沒有談到新型太陽能電池是compact(緊湊小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的)，所以不會是答案。選modern是合理的，因為密歇根大學科學家研發的不用半導體的太陽能電池是先進的。
15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的to focus the light and a fiber to guide it這兩點。
Solar Power without Solar Cells
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.
This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification4, says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.
This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.
To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . Its already made in bulk10, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.
詞匯：
optical / ?ptik?l / adj.光學的 incoherent /, ink?uhi?r?nt/ adj.非相干的
capacitive / k?p?sitiv/ adj. 電容(量)的 semiconductor /,semik?nd?kt?/ n.半導體
rectification /, rektifikei??n/ n.改正，修正 ceramics / si r?miks/ n.陶瓷
注釋：
1.University of Michigan：密歇根大學。建校于1817 年，是美國名列前茅的公立大學，擁有優良的師資和頂尖的商學院、法學院、醫學院和工學院。
2. heat load：熱負荷
3. magnetic moment：磁矩
4. optical rectification：光學校正
5. doctoral student：博士生
6. positive and negative charges：正電荷與負電荷
7. shone through：shone是shine的過去式。shine through是(光)通過。
8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千萬瓦特的強度
9. incoherent light：非相干光
10.Its already made in bulk：它(指玻璃)已大量生產。in bulk 是大量，成批。
練習：
1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery
2. A modifications B effects C applications D results
3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally
4.A Under B At C On D Over
5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism
6.A plant B equipment C source D line
7.A down B up C together D apart
8. A this B that C those D it
9. A material B lens C meter D detector
10.A produce B convey C use D conduct
11.A remote B poor C effective D rare
12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle
13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting
14.A compact B modern C durable D handy
15. A others B some C all D both
答案與題解：
1.D第一段說密歇根大學發現，光所產生的巨大磁效應有望用于太陽能發電，從而取代傳統的半導體太陽能電池。因此本題的正確選項應該是battery。optical battery是光電池。
optical microscope (光學顯微鏡)、optical instrument (光學儀器)或optical fiber (光纖)與第一段的意思沒有聯系。
2.B 選擇本題的答案的依據還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語是A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心議題是用magnetic effect of light開發新型的太陽能電池。而以前的科學家認為magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去關注它。因此，本題選effects與上下文的意思很連貫。
3. C 本句的意思是：當光通過一種絕緣材料時，光場產生的磁效應比以前想象的要強一億倍。previously是當然的選擇。其他三個選項填入句子中，意思不合邏輯：frequently(頻繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。
4. A under these circumstances 是固定詞組，意為在這種情況下。也可以說in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不與circumstances 連用。
5.A通篇文章談的是光產生的磁效應，所以在太陽能電池中，當然是光進入某種材料起作用。答案是選項A。
6. C 密歇根大學的科學家發現太陽光產生強烈的磁效應，再轉換為電，所以磁效應是產生電的源泉(source)。power plant (發電廠)、power equipment (電力設備)或power line (輸電線)與上文的意思接不上。
7.D or 在本句的意思是即，后面的詞語是解釋專業術語charge separation (電荷分離)。選apart與pushing構成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相當于separation。所以本題的答案是D。
8. B 從上下文判斷，要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據英語語法，替代單數名詞的代詞要用that ，替代復數名詞的代詞要用those。voltage 是單數，所以that 是答案。
9.A從本句句末的such as glass 判斷，要填入的詞一定是包括glass 的概括詞。因此，只有選項material 符合這個條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場效應是由光通過一個不導電的材料( material )而產生的。
10.D 答案的根據可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.選項conduct 是答案。
11.C 激光通過特定材料時能產生charge separation 。密歇根大學科學家發現，陽光通過特定材料時也像激光一樣能產生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大學科學家所說的利用光磁場效應開發新型的太陽能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。
12.C 說這種樣機( this prototype )、技巧( this skill )或這一奇跡( this miracle )能降低太陽能的價格，似乎離題太遠。只有用這一技術( this technology )概括上一段的意思才準確。因此本題答案是technology。
13.A 科學家預測，通過改進材料，可使太陽能轉化成可用能源的效率達到10%。本題的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering (輸送)和transmitting(發射)與能量轉換掛不上號。
14. B 通篇文章沒有談到新型太陽能電池是compact(緊湊小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的)，所以不會是答案。選modern是合理的，因為密歇根大學科學家研發的不用半導體的太陽能電池是先進的。
15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的to focus the light and a fiber to guide it這兩點。
