老師談四級(jí)句型的靈活運(yùn)用
句子也是如此，我不是說都用簡(jiǎn)單句。有人認(rèn)為在寫作考試中，采用簡(jiǎn)單句、短句、容易掌握，不在會(huì)出錯(cuò)，因而也最保險(xiǎn)。這話沒有錯(cuò)，但簡(jiǎn)單句用得太多，造成簡(jiǎn)單句的堆徹實(shí)際上是語言技巧不成熟、不老練，甚至語言水平低下的表現(xiàn)。在閱卷人員看來，同樣的意思內(nèi)容，一個(gè)考生能夠運(yùn)用比較復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，其語言水平當(dāng)然要比只會(huì)用簡(jiǎn)單句來表達(dá)的考生的語言水平高出一截，就是有點(diǎn)錯(cuò)也不妨礙他比后者取得較高的分?jǐn)?shù)，因?yàn)樗碾y度系數(shù)要高。在某種意義上來說，在詞數(shù)相同的作文中，語言水平越高，語言技巧越熟練，句子的數(shù)目也就越少。這就意味著句子長(zhǎng)了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜了。
當(dāng)然，我們反對(duì)過多地使用簡(jiǎn)單句并不是鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生去刻意追求長(zhǎng)句、復(fù)雜句。我們追求的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多變。一篇文章能根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生較好的藝術(shù)效果。
例子1
The Career I Pursue的主體段：
A variety of reasons have led me to choose this occupation over other more lucrative ones. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the worldthe very thing I like to do in my life. Second, teaching means freedom. As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me. Finally, I like teaching because it offers a certain peace of mind. No more rushing to catching a morning bus, no more anxiety to please a boss, and no more worries about being laid off because you are getting old.
文中有4個(gè)詞的短句First, teaching is learning.也有27個(gè)詞的長(zhǎng)句To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the worldthe very thing I like to do in my life.有簡(jiǎn)單句,也有復(fù)雜句As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me;還有同位語句，斷裂句，排比句，比較句等,因而文章讀起來節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)。所謂句子變化，主要是指句子的開頭要有變化，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要有變化，句子的長(zhǎng)度要有變化。不要連續(xù)使用幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句)，要學(xué)會(huì)使用復(fù)雜句)。
例2
a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.
b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, tough they feel a little guilty sometimes.
a) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They are expected to cheat on exams more frequently. This is not like those who graduated 10 years ago. They are only concerned with their own personal future. They consider little problems of society. All these are reported by a recent study.
b) A recent study reports that college students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success, that they are expected to cheat on exams more frequently than those who graduated 10 years ago, and that they are more concerned with their own personal future than with problems of society.
不要總是以有生命的名詞和人稱代詞開頭，如例10中的a)。
例3
a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.
b) It is widely thought/believed/held/accepted) that birth control is quite necessary in China.
a) More and more people agree that women should enjoy full equality with men.
b) There is a growing agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men.
a) Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.
b) The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States.
a) We almost forget this event.
b) This event is now almost fading from our memory.
a) Students should certainly make continuous efforts.
b) Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required.
a) We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation.
b) The investigation easily led us to the conclusion.
不要千篇一律地使用主動(dòng)態(tài),如例11中的a)。
例4
a) We are making great efforts to improve our English.
b) Great efforts are being made to improve our English.
a) We know very little about the nature of human beings.
b) Little is known about the nature of human beings.
a) Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.
b) Many evening schools are called into existence by social demands.
a) We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children.
b) More thought may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.
不要總是用,,等口語意味較重的句子,如例12中的a); 要注意使用書面語體的句子, 如例12中的b).
例5
a) if you compare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars
b) careful comparison of bicycles with cars will cars will show the superiority of the former over the latter.
a) If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.
b) The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good results.
a) If we can better understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.
b) A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.
a) When a woman sees that she is going to be laid off, she begins to worry all day and night.
b) The mere prospect of lay-off would set a women to worry all day and night.
a) When our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.
b) The departure of our teacher brought the heated discussion to an end.
a) Only when we make continuous efforts, can we seize an opportunity when it occurs.
b) Continuous efforts must be made before it is possible for us to seize an opportunity when it occurs.
a) Because we cannot apply book knowledge to practice, we cannot handle real problems in society.
b) The inability to apply book knowledge to practice prevents us from handing real problems in society.
a) Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it.
b) Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their rights.
不要對(duì)動(dòng)詞過分依賴,如例13的a); 要學(xué)會(huì)用名詞結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)意思, 如例13的b)
例6
a) The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.
b) The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.
a) It is time for us to revise educational system and then provide it to our society.
b) It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system.
a) If we are watching too much TV, our reading ability will be seriously affected.
b) Heavy exposure to TV will exert an negative effect on our reading ability.
a) If we don t recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.
b) Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.
不要總是用肯定句來表達(dá),如例14中的a);要學(xué)會(huì)用否定句來表達(dá)肯定的意思, 如例14中的b).
例7
a) Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
b) There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
a) Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.
b) It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements.
a) Gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story is the best pastimes to bring a family closer together.
b) Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story.
a) Do is the most basic issue to individual and national survival.
b) No issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.
恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂门疟取⑵叫芯洌缋?5中的b).
例8
a) I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.
b) I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
a) The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people. Through the controversy we can also see the determination of our government.
b) The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people and the determination of our government.
a) For the first time in history Chinese citizens held such power in their own hands. In the past they have never been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on politics.
b) Never before in history have Chinese citizens held such power in their own hands. Never before in history have they been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on politics.
句子也是如此，我不是說都用簡(jiǎn)單句。有人認(rèn)為在寫作考試中，采用簡(jiǎn)單句、短句、容易掌握，不在會(huì)出錯(cuò)，因而也最保險(xiǎn)。這話沒有錯(cuò)，但簡(jiǎn)單句用得太多，造成簡(jiǎn)單句的堆徹實(shí)際上是語言技巧不成熟、不老練，甚至語言水平低下的表現(xiàn)。在閱卷人員看來，同樣的意思內(nèi)容，一個(gè)考生能夠運(yùn)用比較復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，其語言水平當(dāng)然要比只會(huì)用簡(jiǎn)單句來表達(dá)的考生的語言水平高出一截，就是有點(diǎn)錯(cuò)也不妨礙他比后者取得較高的分?jǐn)?shù)，因?yàn)樗碾y度系數(shù)要高。在某種意義上來說，在詞數(shù)相同的作文中，語言水平越高，語言技巧越熟練，句子的數(shù)目也就越少。這就意味著句子長(zhǎng)了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜了。
當(dāng)然，我們反對(duì)過多地使用簡(jiǎn)單句并不是鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生去刻意追求長(zhǎng)句、復(fù)雜句。我們追求的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多變。一篇文章能根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生較好的藝術(shù)效果。
例子1
The Career I Pursue的主體段：
A variety of reasons have led me to choose this occupation over other more lucrative ones. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the worldthe very thing I like to do in my life. Second, teaching means freedom. As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me. Finally, I like teaching because it offers a certain peace of mind. No more rushing to catching a morning bus, no more anxiety to please a boss, and no more worries about being laid off because you are getting old.
文中有4個(gè)詞的短句First, teaching is learning.也有27個(gè)詞的長(zhǎng)句To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the worldthe very thing I like to do in my life.有簡(jiǎn)單句,也有復(fù)雜句As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me;還有同位語句，斷裂句，排比句，比較句等,因而文章讀起來節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)。所謂句子變化，主要是指句子的開頭要有變化，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要有變化，句子的長(zhǎng)度要有變化。不要連續(xù)使用幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句)，要學(xué)會(huì)使用復(fù)雜句)。
例2
a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.
b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, tough they feel a little guilty sometimes.
a) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They are expected to cheat on exams more frequently. This is not like those who graduated 10 years ago. They are only concerned with their own personal future. They consider little problems of society. All these are reported by a recent study.
b) A recent study reports that college students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success, that they are expected to cheat on exams more frequently than those who graduated 10 years ago, and that they are more concerned with their own personal future than with problems of society.
不要總是以有生命的名詞和人稱代詞開頭，如例10中的a)。
例3
a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.
b) It is widely thought/believed/held/accepted) that birth control is quite necessary in China.
a) More and more people agree that women should enjoy full equality with men.
b) There is a growing agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men.
a) Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.
b) The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States.
a) We almost forget this event.
b) This event is now almost fading from our memory.
a) Students should certainly make continuous efforts.
b) Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required.
a) We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation.
b) The investigation easily led us to the conclusion.
不要千篇一律地使用主動(dòng)態(tài),如例11中的a)。
例4
a) We are making great efforts to improve our English.
b) Great efforts are being made to improve our English.
a) We know very little about the nature of human beings.
b) Little is known about the nature of human beings.
a) Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.
b) Many evening schools are called into existence by social demands.
a) We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children.
b) More thought may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.
不要總是用,,等口語意味較重的句子,如例12中的a); 要注意使用書面語體的句子, 如例12中的b).
例5
a) if you compare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars
b) careful comparison of bicycles with cars will cars will show the superiority of the former over the latter.
a) If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.
b) The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good results.
a) If we can better understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.
b) A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.
a) When a woman sees that she is going to be laid off, she begins to worry all day and night.
b) The mere prospect of lay-off would set a women to worry all day and night.
a) When our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.
b) The departure of our teacher brought the heated discussion to an end.
a) Only when we make continuous efforts, can we seize an opportunity when it occurs.
b) Continuous efforts must be made before it is possible for us to seize an opportunity when it occurs.
a) Because we cannot apply book knowledge to practice, we cannot handle real problems in society.
b) The inability to apply book knowledge to practice prevents us from handing real problems in society.
a) Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it.
b) Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their rights.
不要對(duì)動(dòng)詞過分依賴,如例13的a); 要學(xué)會(huì)用名詞結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)意思, 如例13的b)
例6
a) The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.
b) The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.
a) It is time for us to revise educational system and then provide it to our society.
b) It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system.
a) If we are watching too much TV, our reading ability will be seriously affected.
b) Heavy exposure to TV will exert an negative effect on our reading ability.
a) If we don t recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.
b) Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.
不要總是用肯定句來表達(dá),如例14中的a);要學(xué)會(huì)用否定句來表達(dá)肯定的意思, 如例14中的b).
例7
a) Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
b) There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
a) Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.
b) It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements.
a) Gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story is the best pastimes to bring a family closer together.
b) Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story.
a) Do is the most basic issue to individual and national survival.
b) No issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.
恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂门疟取⑵叫芯洌缋?5中的b).
例8
a) I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.
b) I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
a) The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people. Through the controversy we can also see the determination of our government.
b) The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people and the determination of our government.
a) For the first time in history Chinese citizens held such power in their own hands. In the past they have never been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on politics.
b) Never before in history have Chinese citizens held such power in their own hands. Never before in history have they been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on politics.
