英語學習之易犯的語法錯誤
1 . Sentence fragments
Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence.
我經常看到句子成分不全，或者兩個句子不加任何連詞的用在一起的情況，出現這種情況的原因有兩個：
1是句子太長，把作者自己搞暈了
2是有些人還不清楚兩個完整的句子不能排在一起而不加任何連詞。
還有一種情況是一個完整的單句帶有有連詞，卻沒有主句。或者將一個主從句斷裂開了。第二個例句就是此類。
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Sentence Fragment
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
改正：
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
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原句：
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
改正：
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
2. Sentence sprawl
Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences.
過尤不及，雖然我們強調句子要有一定的復雜性，但是實際上老米教授、專家從來不主張過長的句子，讀者也不愛看。不過，要達到精確而又不啰嗦的表達，的確是有難度的。
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Sentence sprawl
The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday, and then all the witnesses could attend.
改正：
The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend.
3. Misplaced and dangling modifiers
Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence.
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Misplaced or Dangling Modifier
When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.
改正：
When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.
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原句
Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.
本句最后是一個dangling modifer懸虛的修飾成分，讓人產生誤解，此成分應該靠近發出動作的人或物
改正：
Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.
4. Faulty parallelism
Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series.
平行結構是很容易出錯的，在托福語法中也是出題點，這種錯誤很容易被忽視。英語我們的是非母語，在語感上來識別錯誤的可能就降低了。寫作和檢查的時候注意主胃、動賓的搭配、一致，主動被動的轉換。
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Faulty parallelism
The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system.
改正：
The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system.
原句：
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long.
改正：
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long.
5. Unclear pronoun reference
All pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents .
Use it, they, this, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion.
錯誤的使用代詞或模糊的是用代詞，是我經常在論壇作文里面發現的。不是說不可以用，但是一定要很清楚地有所指。作文的開頭部分，我的建議是盡量不要用很多代詞，因為開頭部分是整個文章的一個概覽，thesis必須clear, 不要怕麻煩，即便是多陳述一遍，也是對thesis 的強調，并不累贅。正文、結尾只要使用代詞得當就可以了。
不要小看代詞，它對你思想的表達有的時候很關鍵，如果指代不清，其他寫得再好讀者也會confused
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Unclear pronoun reference
Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the universe.
改正：
Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the universe.
原句：
Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it.
改正
Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment.
6. Incorrect pronoun case
Determine whether the pronoun is being used as a subject, or an object, or a possessive in the sentence, and select the pronoun form to match.
比較弱的錯法，不過你敢保證你從沒犯過?!
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Incorrect pronoun case
Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and President Kennedy.
改正：
Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between him and President Kennedy.
原句：
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation.
改正：
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than they to judicial reinterpretation.
1 . Sentence fragments
Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence.
我經常看到句子成分不全，或者兩個句子不加任何連詞的用在一起的情況，出現這種情況的原因有兩個：
1是句子太長，把作者自己搞暈了
2是有些人還不清楚兩個完整的句子不能排在一起而不加任何連詞。
還有一種情況是一個完整的單句帶有有連詞，卻沒有主句。或者將一個主從句斷裂開了。第二個例句就是此類。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sentence Fragment
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
改正：
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
原句：
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
改正：
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
2. Sentence sprawl
Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences.
過尤不及，雖然我們強調句子要有一定的復雜性，但是實際上老米教授、專家從來不主張過長的句子，讀者也不愛看。不過，要達到精確而又不啰嗦的表達，的確是有難度的。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sentence sprawl
The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday, and then all the witnesses could attend.
改正：
The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend.
3. Misplaced and dangling modifiers
Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Misplaced or Dangling Modifier
When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.
改正：
When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
原句
Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.
本句最后是一個dangling modifer懸虛的修飾成分，讓人產生誤解，此成分應該靠近發出動作的人或物
改正：
Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.
4. Faulty parallelism
Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series.
平行結構是很容易出錯的，在托福語法中也是出題點，這種錯誤很容易被忽視。英語我們的是非母語，在語感上來識別錯誤的可能就降低了。寫作和檢查的時候注意主胃、動賓的搭配、一致，主動被動的轉換。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Faulty parallelism
The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system.
改正：
The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system.
原句：
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long.
改正：
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long.
5. Unclear pronoun reference
All pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents .
Use it, they, this, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion.
錯誤的使用代詞或模糊的是用代詞，是我經常在論壇作文里面發現的。不是說不可以用，但是一定要很清楚地有所指。作文的開頭部分，我的建議是盡量不要用很多代詞，因為開頭部分是整個文章的一個概覽，thesis必須clear, 不要怕麻煩，即便是多陳述一遍，也是對thesis 的強調，并不累贅。正文、結尾只要使用代詞得當就可以了。
不要小看代詞，它對你思想的表達有的時候很關鍵，如果指代不清，其他寫得再好讀者也會confused
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unclear pronoun reference
Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the universe.
改正：
Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the universe.
原句：
Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it.
改正
Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment.
6. Incorrect pronoun case
Determine whether the pronoun is being used as a subject, or an object, or a possessive in the sentence, and select the pronoun form to match.
比較弱的錯法，不過你敢保證你從沒犯過?!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Incorrect pronoun case
Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and President Kennedy.
改正：
Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between him and President Kennedy.
原句：
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation.
改正：
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than they to judicial reinterpretation.
