08年四級英語巔峰閱讀

　　略讀(skimming)

　　指的是快速瀏覽全文的閱讀方法。略讀的對象是文章的開始段、結束段、每段的段首句和結尾句。文章內容的概括性陳述一般都在這些位置。

　　略讀的目的是：(1)了解文章的主題;

　　(2)對文章的結構獲得一個整體概念;

　　(3)對各部分的內容獲得一個粗略的印象;

　　(4)對文章主旨做出判斷。

　　對快速閱讀而言，略讀最重要的意義在于對各部分的內容獲得一個粗略印象，以方便在尋讀的迅速確定答案所在的部分或段落。

　?、?有小標題的文章

　　解題技巧 對于有小標題的文章，把握開頭或結尾部分就把握住了文章的主題與寫作目的。小標題相當于段落的主題句，把握住小標題就把握住了文章的主要內容。這些小標題在尋讀時也顯得格外重要，從題干中的定位信息可以快速找到相關的小標題(模糊定位)，再在小標題下的內容中查找就可以了(精確定位)。這對于提高作題速度非常有幫助。

　　「真題示例1」

　　.5.Protect your references.

　　If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references,take it out.Theres no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references

　　Q:To protect your references,you should not post online their _______

　　「解析」name and contact information / private contact information.根據題干中的protect your references可以快速定位到小標題5下的內容。本段講述的主要是是如何來保護自己的證明人。段中說的主要內容就是要把聯系人的姓名和聯系方式從網上拿下來

　　「真題示例2」

　　原文的幾個小標題為： How Much Trash Is Generated;How Is Trash Disposed of ;What Is a Landfill;Proposing the landfill;Building the Landfill;What Happens to Trash in a Landfill;How Is a Landfill Operated

　　Q:The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.

　　「解析」選Y.看文章的標題可知道全文主要描述的是垃圾填埋場的建設與使用。所以題干正確.

　?、?無小標題的文章

　　解題技巧 對于沒有小標題的文章，需要把握文章開頭或結尾部分來把握文章的主題與寫作目的。更重要的是瀏覽每段的段首和段尾，對每一段的主題和內容獲得一個粗略的印象。建議考生在瀏覽時將本段的主題詞用筆圈出。這些主題詞將起到小標題的作用。

　　「真題示例」

　　.Today,the interstate system links every major city in the U.S. and the U.S.with Canada and Mexico.Built with safety in mind,the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,curves engineered for safe turns,and limited access.The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S.roads(0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads)

　　Q: In spite of safety considerations ,the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of ther American roads.

　　「解析」選N.本段講的是告訴公路的安全問題，death rate是其中的一個關鍵詞。根據題干中的關鍵詞定位到這一段，再根據句中存在的比較關系再具體定位到段落的末尾處。原文說：高速公路上的車禍死亡碧綠是其他路面上的一半。所以題干說：高速公路上的事故死亡率比其他路面上的高是錯誤的。

　　即講即練

　　In the UK it is estimated that work-related stress is responsible for six million days of sick leave a year,with stress being linked to many minor and major illnesses.

　　For most people,work is a significant and meaningful part of life with the majority of us spending aroun 25% of our adult lives owrking. While work can provide us with purpose, satistaction,sell-esteem and spending power,the workplace can also be a setting of stress and worry.

　　What is work-ralated stress?

　　Everyone is under some pressure in the workplace.Some external pressures can be a postive factor, helping us to be more productive.Some people actually thrive under short-term added pressure, and our bodies are designed to meet these short-term demands.Hormones are released to prepare us for a fight of flight response to demanding situations. However,excessive and prolonged stress can produce a range of physical and emotional health problems which have come to be grouped as work-related stress.

　　There is no single cause of work-ralated stress. While stress can be triggered by sudden, unexpected pressures, it is often the result of a combination of stressful factors which accumulate over time.Some people can become so used to the symptoms of excessive stress that it goes unnoticed to their detriment(危害).Most work-related stress is related to management of work, relationships at work,organizational set-up and whether you feel you have power and control in your work.

　　The experience of stress is different for every person. Some people are affected mor than others, so what is stressful for ome person may not be stressful for another. It can depend on your personality type and on how you have learned to respond to pressure.

　　It is impossible to escape pressure at work altogether, so it is important to learn how to manage stress. There are a number of ways in which you can reduce the negative impact of stress.

　　Changes at work

　　If work-related stress is affecting you, it is important to deal with the problem as soon as possible. One of the most important factors in reducing stress levels is managing time effectively. Prioritize tasks. Completing one task before going on to the next will help you to feel more in control of work.

　　Make time to relax at work by stretching and breathing deeply. This will help you to keep focused and prevent tired muscles. Simply ensuring you get outside for a walk during your lunch break can be helpful.

　　It is helpful to identify which situations stress you most. Practice how you could behave differently in tricky situations. Perhaps you need to be more assertive, or you need to learn to take a step back in tricky situations. It can seem hard to confront the causes of workplace stress and to ask for help. But sometimes, support and advice from your line manager or human resources department is necessary to help you deal with difficulties at work.

　　If you find talking about your concerns difficult, it may help to make notes to bring along to the work interview with you.Make these clear and specific. Try to remember that it is in everybodys interest that the workplace is as stress-free as possible.

　　尋讀(scanning)

　　是指以問題為線索、帶著問題去尋找某一特定信息的閱讀。

　　對于四六級考試的快速閱讀來說，尋讀就是在讀過文章后面的題后，以題干中的某些詞為線索，到原文中去尋找出處的過程。由于快速閱讀對于內容的理解能力要求并不高，所以尋讀技能的高低直接影響著考生作題時間的長短。

　　所以，以什么詞為定位詞(或線索詞)到原文中去查找是很關鍵的。

　?、兕}目順序基本與行文順序一致

　　解題技巧:一般情況下，快速閱讀的題目順序與原文的行文順序是保持一致的，也就是說，下一道題的出處一般位于前一道題出處后面。即使是存在反常情況的07年 6月四級考試中(第6題的出處在原文最后一段，第10題的出處在原文第一段)，其總體的試題順序仍然是與文章的行文順序一致的。把握題目順序與行文順序一致的基本規律，將節省我們的尋讀時間。

　?、跀底?、年代

　　解題技巧1 數字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯叔祖的形式出現，在周圍都是英文字母的背景中就顯得比較突出。因此，如果考題中含有數字，往往可以用來快速定位題目的出處。

　　解題技巧2 數字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯數字的形式出現，但題干中可能對數字的形式有一定改動，如在數字的精確性和模糊性上變化。這時需要主義從邏輯關系上正確理解數字之間的包含與被包含關系。

　　③第一次出現的人名、地名等專有名詞

　　解題技巧 專有名詞以大寫字母開頭，在文章中顯得比較突出，容易尋找。但是如果通篇都是講與這個專有名詞有關的事情時，這個專有名詞有可能在全文中多次出現，而題目中也多次出現，這時就不建議用它來定位題目出處，而應該使用其他的定位詞。

　　「真題 1」

　　Early in the 20th century,most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt,birck, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容納) automobiles.

　　With the increase in auto production, private turnpike(收費公路)companies under loacl authorities began to spring up,and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved orads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John Mac Adam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War Ⅰ, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Armys first transcontinental motor convoy(車隊), he noted: The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germanys Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.

　　Q1: National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921

　　Q2: General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America

　　「真題 2」

　　The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridge, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, desserts, and plains.

　　Q: It was in the 1950s that American government finally took action to build a national high way system.

　　「真題示例 1」答案解析

　　「解析1」根據1921可以快速、準確地定位到文章的第2段的開始。第一句說1921年時已經有38萬多公里的公路鋪設，許多使用的是兩位19世紀蘇格蘭工程師的技術參數。后面一句提到當時還沒有國家標準(here were no national standards).所以題干表述錯誤，選N

　　「解析2」根據General Eisenhower或者German定位在文章第2段的后半部分。General Eisenhower先是夸耀了 two-lane highways的好，一個but之后指出德國高速公路的wisdom.說明General Eisenhower更欣賞德國的告訴公路。題干表述正確，選Y

　　「真題示例 2」答案解析

　　「解析」根據1950s可以快速準確地定位到本段第一句中。該句說，1956年時洲際告訴公路開始建設。題干中的1950s表示20世紀50年代，包含著1956年。題干說1950s開建是正確的。選Y

　　略讀(skimming)

　　指的是快速瀏覽全文的閱讀方法。略讀的對象是文章的開始段、結束段、每段的段首句和結尾句。文章內容的概括性陳述一般都在這些位置。

　　略讀的目的是：(1)了解文章的主題;

　　(2)對文章的結構獲得一個整體概念;

　　(3)對各部分的內容獲得一個粗略的印象;

　　(4)對文章主旨做出判斷。

　　對快速閱讀而言，略讀最重要的意義在于對各部分的內容獲得一個粗略印象，以方便在尋讀的迅速確定答案所在的部分或段落。

　　① 有小標題的文章

　　解題技巧 對于有小標題的文章，把握開頭或結尾部分就把握住了文章的主題與寫作目的。小標題相當于段落的主題句，把握住小標題就把握住了文章的主要內容。這些小標題在尋讀時也顯得格外重要，從題干中的定位信息可以快速找到相關的小標題(模糊定位)，再在小標題下的內容中查找就可以了(精確定位)。這對于提高作題速度非常有幫助。

　　「真題示例1」

　　.5.Protect your references.

　　If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references,take it out.Theres no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references

　　Q:To protect your references,you should not post online their _______

　　「解析」name and contact information / private contact information.根據題干中的protect your references可以快速定位到小標題5下的內容。本段講述的主要是是如何來保護自己的證明人。段中說的主要內容就是要把聯系人的姓名和聯系方式從網上拿下來

　　「真題示例2」

　　原文的幾個小標題為： How Much Trash Is Generated;How Is Trash Disposed of ;What Is a Landfill;Proposing the landfill;Building the Landfill;What Happens to Trash in a Landfill;How Is a Landfill Operated

　　Q:The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.

　　「解析」選Y.看文章的標題可知道全文主要描述的是垃圾填埋場的建設與使用。所以題干正確.

　?、?無小標題的文章

　　解題技巧 對于沒有小標題的文章，需要把握文章開頭或結尾部分來把握文章的主題與寫作目的。更重要的是瀏覽每段的段首和段尾，對每一段的主題和內容獲得一個粗略的印象。建議考生在瀏覽時將本段的主題詞用筆圈出。這些主題詞將起到小標題的作用。

　　「真題示例」

　　.Today,the interstate system links every major city in the U.S. and the U.S.with Canada and Mexico.Built with safety in mind,the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,curves engineered for safe turns,and limited access.The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S.roads(0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads)

　　Q: In spite of safety considerations ,the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of ther American roads.

　　「解析」選N.本段講的是告訴公路的安全問題，death rate是其中的一個關鍵詞。根據題干中的關鍵詞定位到這一段，再根據句中存在的比較關系再具體定位到段落的末尾處。原文說：高速公路上的車禍死亡碧綠是其他路面上的一半。所以題干說：高速公路上的事故死亡率比其他路面上的高是錯誤的。

　　即講即練

　　In the UK it is estimated that work-related stress is responsible for six million days of sick leave a year,with stress being linked to many minor and major illnesses.

　　For most people,work is a significant and meaningful part of life with the majority of us spending aroun 25% of our adult lives owrking. While work can provide us with purpose, satistaction,sell-esteem and spending power,the workplace can also be a setting of stress and worry.

　　What is work-ralated stress?

　　Everyone is under some pressure in the workplace.Some external pressures can be a postive factor, helping us to be more productive.Some people actually thrive under short-term added pressure, and our bodies are designed to meet these short-term demands.Hormones are released to prepare us for a fight of flight response to demanding situations. However,excessive and prolonged stress can produce a range of physical and emotional health problems which have come to be grouped as work-related stress.

　　There is no single cause of work-ralated stress. While stress can be triggered by sudden, unexpected pressures, it is often the result of a combination of stressful factors which accumulate over time.Some people can become so used to the symptoms of excessive stress that it goes unnoticed to their detriment(危害).Most work-related stress is related to management of work, relationships at work,organizational set-up and whether you feel you have power and control in your work.

　　The experience of stress is different for every person. Some people are affected mor than others, so what is stressful for ome person may not be stressful for another. It can depend on your personality type and on how you have learned to respond to pressure.

　　It is impossible to escape pressure at work altogether, so it is important to learn how to manage stress. There are a number of ways in which you can reduce the negative impact of stress.

　　Changes at work

　　If work-related stress is affecting you, it is important to deal with the problem as soon as possible. One of the most important factors in reducing stress levels is managing time effectively. Prioritize tasks. Completing one task before going on to the next will help you to feel more in control of work.

　　Make time to relax at work by stretching and breathing deeply. This will help you to keep focused and prevent tired muscles. Simply ensuring you get outside for a walk during your lunch break can be helpful.

　　It is helpful to identify which situations stress you most. Practice how you could behave differently in tricky situations. Perhaps you need to be more assertive, or you need to learn to take a step back in tricky situations. It can seem hard to confront the causes of workplace stress and to ask for help. But sometimes, support and advice from your line manager or human resources department is necessary to help you deal with difficulties at work.

　　If you find talking about your concerns difficult, it may help to make notes to bring along to the work interview with you.Make these clear and specific. Try to remember that it is in everybodys interest that the workplace is as stress-free as possible.

　　尋讀(scanning)

　　是指以問題為線索、帶著問題去尋找某一特定信息的閱讀。

　　對于四六級考試的快速閱讀來說，尋讀就是在讀過文章后面的題后，以題干中的某些詞為線索，到原文中去尋找出處的過程。由于快速閱讀對于內容的理解能力要求并不高，所以尋讀技能的高低直接影響著考生作題時間的長短。

　　所以，以什么詞為定位詞(或線索詞)到原文中去查找是很關鍵的。

　?、兕}目順序基本與行文順序一致

　　解題技巧:一般情況下，快速閱讀的題目順序與原文的行文順序是保持一致的，也就是說，下一道題的出處一般位于前一道題出處后面。即使是存在反常情況的07年 6月四級考試中(第6題的出處在原文最后一段，第10題的出處在原文第一段)，其總體的試題順序仍然是與文章的行文順序一致的。把握題目順序與行文順序一致的基本規律，將節省我們的尋讀時間。

　?、跀底?、年代

　　解題技巧1 數字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯叔祖的形式出現，在周圍都是英文字母的背景中就顯得比較突出。因此，如果考題中含有數字，往往可以用來快速定位題目的出處。

　　解題技巧2 數字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯數字的形式出現，但題干中可能對數字的形式有一定改動，如在數字的精確性和模糊性上變化。這時需要主義從邏輯關系上正確理解數字之間的包含與被包含關系。

　?、鄣谝淮纬霈F的人名、地名等專有名詞

　　解題技巧 專有名詞以大寫字母開頭，在文章中顯得比較突出，容易尋找。但是如果通篇都是講與這個專有名詞有關的事情時，這個專有名詞有可能在全文中多次出現，而題目中也多次出現，這時就不建議用它來定位題目出處，而應該使用其他的定位詞。

　　「真題 1」

　　Early in the 20th century,most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt,birck, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容納) automobiles.

　　With the increase in auto production, private turnpike(收費公路)companies under loacl authorities began to spring up,and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved orads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John Mac Adam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War Ⅰ, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Armys first transcontinental motor convoy(車隊), he noted: The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germanys Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.

　　Q1: National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921

　　Q2: General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America

　　「真題 2」

　　The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridge, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, desserts, and plains.

　　Q: It was in the 1950s that American government finally took action to build a national high way system.

　　「真題示例 1」答案解析

　　「解析1」根據1921可以快速、準確地定位到文章的第2段的開始。第一句說1921年時已經有38萬多公里的公路鋪設，許多使用的是兩位19世紀蘇格蘭工程師的技術參數。后面一句提到當時還沒有國家標準(here were no national standards).所以題干表述錯誤，選N

　　「解析2」根據General Eisenhower或者German定位在文章第2段的后半部分。General Eisenhower先是夸耀了 two-lane highways的好，一個but之后指出德國高速公路的wisdom.說明General Eisenhower更欣賞德國的告訴公路。題干表述正確，選Y

　　「真題示例 2」答案解析

　　「解析」根據1950s可以快速準確地定位到本段第一句中。該句說，1956年時洲際告訴公路開始建設。題干中的1950s表示20世紀50年代，包含著1956年。題干說1950s開建是正確的。選Y