2023考研英語閱讀軍事偽裝
Military camouflage
軍事偽裝
That old razzle dazzle
舊式迷魂戰(zhàn)術(shù)
How to confuse the enemy about how quickly youare travelling
如何讓敵方無法判斷己方的前行速度
Go-faster stripes?
船身高速偽裝線?
IN THE second world war, many Allied ships were painted with dark and light stripes,andother contrasting shapes, making them look a bit like zebra.
二戰(zhàn)期間，許多盟軍軍艦船身都被噴涂了黑白條紋及其它迷彩圖案，這讓它們看上去有些象斑馬。
The idea was to distort an enemysubmarine commander s perception of the ship s size, shape, range, heading and speed,so as to make it harder to hit with the non-homing torpedoes of the period.
這樣做的目的是為了迷惑敵軍潛水艇指揮官，使其無法判斷盟軍船艦的尺寸，形狀，距離，航向和速度。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的魚雷還不具備制導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)，因此想要擊中目標(biāo)愈加困難。
These had to be pointed not at the target directly but, rather, at the place where thecommander thought the target would be when the torpedo arrived.
因此敵軍指揮官不再讓魚雷直接對(duì)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)發(fā)射，而是將它們發(fā)射到他認(rèn)為盟軍軍艦可能會(huì)駛向的位置。
At the time, though, it was only an educated guess that this so-called dazzle camouflagewould work.
當(dāng)時(shí), 對(duì)于這種所謂的迷彩偽裝術(shù)的有效性判斷還只是基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的考量。
Now someone has actually tested it and the short answer is that it does workbut not in theway that Allied navies thought it did.
而如今已經(jīng)有人對(duì)此進(jìn)行了真實(shí)測(cè)試，結(jié)果驗(yàn)證這種迷彩偽裝的確有效但并不是按照盟軍海軍所設(shè)想的那種方式發(fā)揮作用。
Ships move too slowly for dazzle camouflage to be effective.
迷彩偽裝無法保護(hù)航行速度過慢的船艇。
However, it might well have a role in protecting faster-moving vehicles, such as militaryLand Rovers.
但它對(duì)于軍用路虎這樣快速行駛的車輛卻能起到很好的保護(hù)作用。
Nicholas Scott-Samuel, of the University of Bristol, and his colleagues, came to thisconclusion by asking volunteers to watch patterned rectangles cross a computer screen.
以上結(jié)論是由布里斯托爾大學(xué)的Nicholas Scott-Samuel和他的同事通過實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的。
Some of the rectangles had horizontal stripes inside them.
他們讓志愿者觀察在電腦屏幕內(nèi)橫向移動(dòng)的長(zhǎng)方形物體，這些物體內(nèi)部被噴涂了不同圖案，
Some had vertical stripes.
圖案形式有橫紋，
Some had zigzags.
豎紋，
And some had checks.
鋸齒紋和方格紋。
Others, acting as controls, had no internal patterns.
而作為參照的物體則未噴涂任何圖案。
Each test involved a jazzy rectangle crossing the screen either before or after a plain one.
每次實(shí)驗(yàn)志愿者在觀看了迷彩圖案的長(zhǎng)方形橫過電腦屏幕之前或之后,還被要求觀看一個(gè)沒有條紋圖案的物體橫過屏幕，
Volunteers had to estimate which of the two was travelling faster.
之后志愿者需要估計(jì)這兩個(gè)物體哪個(gè)移動(dòng)速度較快。
In fact, in all cases, the two rectangles travelled at the same speed.
實(shí)際上，在所有實(shí)驗(yàn)中，這兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形物體移動(dòng)的速度都相同。
But the researchers varied the conditions in other ways, without telling the participants.
但研究人員通過其它方式改變了實(shí)驗(yàn)條件，志愿者對(duì)此卻一無所知。
Sometimes both rectangles travelled slowly, at just over 3o of arc a second from theobserver s point of view, as a ship might.
有時(shí)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形物體移動(dòng)速度都很慢，從志愿者的觀察角度看，就象一艘船以每秒駛過3度的距離在航行，
Sometimes they travelled much faster, at 20o a second, mimicking the way a land vehiclemoves.
有時(shí)它們都模仿陸地車輛行駛方式以每秒走過20度的距離快速移動(dòng)。
The jazzy rectangles also came in different flavours. Some were low-contrast and somehigh-contrast.
長(zhǎng)方形物體的迷彩圖案也不盡相同，有些圖案對(duì)比度不強(qiáng)烈，有些圖案的對(duì)比度則很強(qiáng)。
The upshot, as Dr Scott-Samuel reports in the Public Library of Science, was that participantswere not fooled by slow-moving rectangles, nor by low-contrast ones.
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如同Scott-Samuel 博士在公共科學(xué)圖書館報(bào)告所說，志愿者對(duì)慢速移動(dòng)或圖案對(duì)比度不強(qiáng)的物體移動(dòng)速度判斷較準(zhǔn)確。
Fast-moving, high-contrast shapes, however, did befuddle them.
而對(duì)于快速移動(dòng)和圖案對(duì)比度強(qiáng)烈的物體,他們的判斷常常出錯(cuò)。
On average, an observer reckoned that such a fast, jazzy rectangle was going 7% slowerthan was actually the case.
志愿者對(duì)于有迷彩圖案和快速移動(dòng)的正方形物體的速度估計(jì)要比它們的實(shí)際速度平均低了7%。
Ships, therefore, travel too slowly for dazzle camouflage to work.
因此噴涂迷彩偽裝的軍艦航行速度過于緩慢是起不到迷惑敵軍作用的。
In any case, modern torpedoes and missiles are guided to their target electronically.
在任何情況下,現(xiàn)代的魚雷和導(dǎo)彈都采用了電子制導(dǎo)來跟蹤目標(biāo)。
But 20o a second corresponds to the perceived movement of a vehicle 70 metres away thatis travelling at 90kph.
但是從視覺角度看,每秒20度的移動(dòng)速度相當(dāng)于在70米外看到一部車輛在以90公里/小時(shí)行駛。
That is precisely the sort of distance from which an unguided rocket-propelled grenademight be fired at a lightly armoured military vehicle, and just the sort of speed such avehicle might be travelling at.
在與此相同的距離和速度條件下,一個(gè)非制導(dǎo)火箭推進(jìn)榴彈能夠擊中一輛輕型裝甲軍車。
Perhaps the answer, then, is for modern armies to buy their Land Rovers second-hand fromgame parks, which often paint them in zebra stripes for effect.
如果果真如此,那么現(xiàn)代軍隊(duì)可以考慮在狩獵公園買個(gè)涂有斑馬條紋的二手路虎車了。
Whether real zebra got their own jazzy stripes to confuse predators has yet to bedetermined.
至于斑馬身上的條紋能否讓其躲過掠食動(dòng)物的捕殺則還有待證實(shí)。
詞語解釋
1.camouflage n.偽裝;掩飾;迷彩服
They used branches of trees as camouflage.
他們用樹枝做偽裝。
2.confuse v.使困惑;使混亂
They asked so many questions that they confusedme.
他們問了許許多多問題，把我弄糊涂了。
3.stripe n.條紋;條紋布
I need one without stripe, please.
我需要沒有條紋的。
4.submarine n.潛水艇
The frigate rammed the submarine.
護(hù)衛(wèi)艦撞擊了潛艇。
5.target n.目標(biāo);對(duì)象
The sights of the gun must be in alignment with the target.
槍的瞄準(zhǔn)器必須與射擊目標(biāo)對(duì)準(zhǔn)成一線。
Military camouflage
軍事偽裝
That old razzle dazzle
舊式迷魂戰(zhàn)術(shù)
How to confuse the enemy about how quickly youare travelling
如何讓敵方無法判斷己方的前行速度
Go-faster stripes?
船身高速偽裝線?
IN THE second world war, many Allied ships were painted with dark and light stripes,andother contrasting shapes, making them look a bit like zebra.
二戰(zhàn)期間，許多盟軍軍艦船身都被噴涂了黑白條紋及其它迷彩圖案，這讓它們看上去有些象斑馬。
The idea was to distort an enemysubmarine commander s perception of the ship s size, shape, range, heading and speed,so as to make it harder to hit with the non-homing torpedoes of the period.
這樣做的目的是為了迷惑敵軍潛水艇指揮官，使其無法判斷盟軍船艦的尺寸，形狀，距離，航向和速度。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的魚雷還不具備制導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)，因此想要擊中目標(biāo)愈加困難。
These had to be pointed not at the target directly but, rather, at the place where thecommander thought the target would be when the torpedo arrived.
因此敵軍指揮官不再讓魚雷直接對(duì)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)發(fā)射，而是將它們發(fā)射到他認(rèn)為盟軍軍艦可能會(huì)駛向的位置。
At the time, though, it was only an educated guess that this so-called dazzle camouflagewould work.
當(dāng)時(shí), 對(duì)于這種所謂的迷彩偽裝術(shù)的有效性判斷還只是基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的考量。
Now someone has actually tested it and the short answer is that it does workbut not in theway that Allied navies thought it did.
而如今已經(jīng)有人對(duì)此進(jìn)行了真實(shí)測(cè)試，結(jié)果驗(yàn)證這種迷彩偽裝的確有效但并不是按照盟軍海軍所設(shè)想的那種方式發(fā)揮作用。
Ships move too slowly for dazzle camouflage to be effective.
迷彩偽裝無法保護(hù)航行速度過慢的船艇。
However, it might well have a role in protecting faster-moving vehicles, such as militaryLand Rovers.
但它對(duì)于軍用路虎這樣快速行駛的車輛卻能起到很好的保護(hù)作用。
Nicholas Scott-Samuel, of the University of Bristol, and his colleagues, came to thisconclusion by asking volunteers to watch patterned rectangles cross a computer screen.
以上結(jié)論是由布里斯托爾大學(xué)的Nicholas Scott-Samuel和他的同事通過實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的。
Some of the rectangles had horizontal stripes inside them.
他們讓志愿者觀察在電腦屏幕內(nèi)橫向移動(dòng)的長(zhǎng)方形物體，這些物體內(nèi)部被噴涂了不同圖案，
Some had vertical stripes.
圖案形式有橫紋，
Some had zigzags.
豎紋，
And some had checks.
鋸齒紋和方格紋。
Others, acting as controls, had no internal patterns.
而作為參照的物體則未噴涂任何圖案。
Each test involved a jazzy rectangle crossing the screen either before or after a plain one.
每次實(shí)驗(yàn)志愿者在觀看了迷彩圖案的長(zhǎng)方形橫過電腦屏幕之前或之后,還被要求觀看一個(gè)沒有條紋圖案的物體橫過屏幕，
Volunteers had to estimate which of the two was travelling faster.
之后志愿者需要估計(jì)這兩個(gè)物體哪個(gè)移動(dòng)速度較快。
In fact, in all cases, the two rectangles travelled at the same speed.
實(shí)際上，在所有實(shí)驗(yàn)中，這兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形物體移動(dòng)的速度都相同。
But the researchers varied the conditions in other ways, without telling the participants.
但研究人員通過其它方式改變了實(shí)驗(yàn)條件，志愿者對(duì)此卻一無所知。
Sometimes both rectangles travelled slowly, at just over 3o of arc a second from theobserver s point of view, as a ship might.
有時(shí)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形物體移動(dòng)速度都很慢，從志愿者的觀察角度看，就象一艘船以每秒駛過3度的距離在航行，
Sometimes they travelled much faster, at 20o a second, mimicking the way a land vehiclemoves.
有時(shí)它們都模仿陸地車輛行駛方式以每秒走過20度的距離快速移動(dòng)。
The jazzy rectangles also came in different flavours. Some were low-contrast and somehigh-contrast.
長(zhǎng)方形物體的迷彩圖案也不盡相同，有些圖案對(duì)比度不強(qiáng)烈，有些圖案的對(duì)比度則很強(qiáng)。
The upshot, as Dr Scott-Samuel reports in the Public Library of Science, was that participantswere not fooled by slow-moving rectangles, nor by low-contrast ones.
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如同Scott-Samuel 博士在公共科學(xué)圖書館報(bào)告所說，志愿者對(duì)慢速移動(dòng)或圖案對(duì)比度不強(qiáng)的物體移動(dòng)速度判斷較準(zhǔn)確。
Fast-moving, high-contrast shapes, however, did befuddle them.
而對(duì)于快速移動(dòng)和圖案對(duì)比度強(qiáng)烈的物體,他們的判斷常常出錯(cuò)。
On average, an observer reckoned that such a fast, jazzy rectangle was going 7% slowerthan was actually the case.
志愿者對(duì)于有迷彩圖案和快速移動(dòng)的正方形物體的速度估計(jì)要比它們的實(shí)際速度平均低了7%。
Ships, therefore, travel too slowly for dazzle camouflage to work.
因此噴涂迷彩偽裝的軍艦航行速度過于緩慢是起不到迷惑敵軍作用的。
In any case, modern torpedoes and missiles are guided to their target electronically.
在任何情況下,現(xiàn)代的魚雷和導(dǎo)彈都采用了電子制導(dǎo)來跟蹤目標(biāo)。
But 20o a second corresponds to the perceived movement of a vehicle 70 metres away thatis travelling at 90kph.
但是從視覺角度看,每秒20度的移動(dòng)速度相當(dāng)于在70米外看到一部車輛在以90公里/小時(shí)行駛。
That is precisely the sort of distance from which an unguided rocket-propelled grenademight be fired at a lightly armoured military vehicle, and just the sort of speed such avehicle might be travelling at.
在與此相同的距離和速度條件下,一個(gè)非制導(dǎo)火箭推進(jìn)榴彈能夠擊中一輛輕型裝甲軍車。
Perhaps the answer, then, is for modern armies to buy their Land Rovers second-hand fromgame parks, which often paint them in zebra stripes for effect.
如果果真如此,那么現(xiàn)代軍隊(duì)可以考慮在狩獵公園買個(gè)涂有斑馬條紋的二手路虎車了。
Whether real zebra got their own jazzy stripes to confuse predators has yet to bedetermined.
至于斑馬身上的條紋能否讓其躲過掠食動(dòng)物的捕殺則還有待證實(shí)。
詞語解釋
1.camouflage n.偽裝;掩飾;迷彩服
They used branches of trees as camouflage.
他們用樹枝做偽裝。
2.confuse v.使困惑;使混亂
They asked so many questions that they confusedme.
他們問了許許多多問題，把我弄糊涂了。
3.stripe n.條紋;條紋布
I need one without stripe, please.
我需要沒有條紋的。
4.submarine n.潛水艇
The frigate rammed the submarine.
護(hù)衛(wèi)艦撞擊了潛艇。
5.target n.目標(biāo);對(duì)象
The sights of the gun must be in alignment with the target.
槍的瞄準(zhǔn)器必須與射擊目標(biāo)對(duì)準(zhǔn)成一線。
