2023考研英語(yǔ)閱讀日本的企業(yè)家
Entrepreneurs in Japan
日本的企業(yè)家
Time to get started
到了該開(kāi)始的時(shí)間了
Shinzo Abe is giving new hope to Japan sunappreciated entrepreneurs
安倍晉三給了日本不被看好的企業(yè)家們希望
IT BEGINS from now, tweeted Takafumi Horie, the former boss of Livedoor, an internet firm,two months after emerging from prison this spring.
信息技術(shù)時(shí)代從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始， 堀江貴文說(shuō)道。
Mr Horie is involved in no fewer than 30 new companies, including a space-tourismventure.
堀江貴文是門戶網(wǎng)站活力門的前總經(jīng)理，前兩個(gè)月剛從監(jiān)獄中被釋放。
If any of them grow to be big, Mr Horie, who was convicted of fraud in 2011, may showthat a fallen Japanese entrepreneur can make a comeback.
堀江貴文涉足于不少于30家的新公司，包括一家太空旅行企業(yè)。如果這些公司中的任何一家發(fā)展起來(lái)了，堀江貴文，這個(gè)曾在2011年被告有罪的企業(yè)家，將證明一個(gè)失敗的日本企業(yè)家可以東山再起。
The mood among Japan s would-be business moguls is at its most buoyant since the dotcombubble burst a decade or so ago.
由于十幾年前的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫的破裂，日本那些想要成為商業(yè)精英的人正懷著十分沉重的心情。
A higher stockmarket is boosting the chances of a successful initial public offering.
股票市場(chǎng)正在提高它首次成功公開(kāi)募股的機(jī)會(huì)。
The prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is Japan s first leader to treat entrepreneurs as somethingmore than greedy hustlers.
安倍晉三首相，是日本第一位處理這些如貪婪的騙子般的企業(yè)家們的問(wèn)題。
For the past few years Mr Horie, abrash self-publicist, has been exhibit A in the case for holding that view.
在過(guò)去的幾年里，堀江貴文，一個(gè)傲慢又自我的公關(guān)，在那起案件中率先出示證據(jù)來(lái)闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)。
But now Mr Horie says he is being welcomed back into the business world.
但是現(xiàn)在，堀江貴文說(shuō)他回到企業(yè)界這件事倍受歡迎。
Mr Abe s three-part plan to revive the economy, known asAbenomics, is designed to helpstart-ups as well as big business.
安倍晉三復(fù)蘇經(jīng)濟(jì)的三步計(jì)劃被稱為安倍經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇計(jì)劃，是用來(lái)幫助新興小企業(yè)和已有的大企業(yè)的。
First came monetary loosening from the Bank of Japan, and a fiscal stimulus.
首先是日本中央銀行的貨幣放松政策，緊接著加大財(cái)政開(kāi)支。
The third part, a series of reforms to boost long-term growth rates, includes radicalderegulation in newspecial economic zones spread across the country.
第三部分是一系列的刺激長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)率的改革，包括在經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)放松管制。
If this pledge is honoured, many new opportunities could emerge for entrepreneurs inindustries ranging from medical care to agriculture.
如果這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃成功了，很多給企業(yè)家的新機(jī)會(huì)就會(huì)大量的涌來(lái)，橫跨醫(yī)療服務(wù)業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。
The reforms also involve pressing the banks to stop demanding onerous personalguarantees when entrepreneurs seek loans for their businesses.
這個(gè)改革同時(shí)施壓給銀行，讓銀行停止向企業(yè)家索要大量的個(gè)人擔(dān)保當(dāng)企業(yè)家們想要為他們的企業(yè)借貸時(shí)。
Most of all, Mr Abe admits, Japan needs to become more accepting of initial failure.
最重要的是，安倍晉三承認(rèn)，日本需要去接受首次失敗。
As a second-time prime minister after a disastrous first term, he is himself a comeback kid.
作為一個(gè)第一次以失敗告終，第二次登上首相位置的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，安倍晉三自己就是一個(gè)東山再起的例子。
He reportedly described for guests at his home this summer how the young Walt Disney ranhis business into the ground five times before he at last succeeded.
有報(bào)道稱，他這個(gè)夏天邀請(qǐng)客人到自己家中，并向客人描述年輕的華特迪士尼在最終成功前是怎樣經(jīng)歷了五次失敗的。
Digital types were delighted when he attended a meeting of the Japan Association of NewEconomy, chaired by Hiroshi Mikitani, the founder of Rakuten, an online-commerce giant.
數(shù)字類型企業(yè)很樂(lè)觀，當(dāng)安倍晉三參加新經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的一個(gè)會(huì)議時(shí)。此次會(huì)議由三木谷浩史主辦。
Mr Mikitani has been brought in to advise the government on its deregulation efforts.
三木谷浩史，日本樂(lè)天公司的創(chuàng)始人，一位網(wǎng)上貿(mào)易偉人。三木谷浩史建議過(guò)日本政府實(shí)行貨幣放松政策。
For now, Japan s vital signs on entrepreneurship are dire.
現(xiàn)在，日本企業(yè)家的狀況不容樂(lè)觀。
The overall number of firms is shrinking, and the rate at which new companies are born as aproportion of existing ones is less than half that in America and Britain.
公司的總數(shù)正在大量減少，新公司的誕生率比英美的一半還少。
In 2023 the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, a survey by a group of universities, put Japanin joint last place out of 24 developed nations for levels of entrepreneurial activity.
根據(jù)2023年的全球創(chuàng)業(yè)觀察報(bào)告的一份調(diào)查顯示，日本由于創(chuàng)業(yè)活動(dòng)長(zhǎng)期不景氣的水平，被放到了24個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之外。
Japan s record on fostering new firms is worse even than continental Europe s.
日本的一份關(guān)于發(fā)展新興企的報(bào)告結(jié)果甚至比歐洲大陸的還要糟糕。
Just 6% of Japanese participants in the survey thought there were opportunities to start abusiness in their country, and only 9% believed they personally had the skills required.
調(diào)查顯示，只有6%的參與者認(rèn)為在他們本國(guó)家日本創(chuàng)建新企業(yè)是有機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展的，9%的人認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)掌握了創(chuàng)建新企業(yè)所需要的技術(shù)。
The equivalent figures for the French were 38% and 36%.
相同的調(diào)查問(wèn)題在法國(guó)的結(jié)果是38%和36%。
Other Asians, in contrast, were bursting with optimism.
相反地，在其他亞洲地區(qū)新興企業(yè)的發(fā)展很樂(lè)觀。
That lack of ambition means venture-capital firms have few big payoffs to look forward to,with the result that there is a limited pool of cash available for those who do want to have ago at starting a business: a vicious circle that will be hard to break.
抱負(fù)心的缺乏使得風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司很難下定決心去投資，從而使得那些確實(shí)想要經(jīng)營(yíng)一家企業(yè)的企業(yè)家缺少現(xiàn)金支持，這將會(huì)成為一個(gè)很難打破的惡性循環(huán)。
Young Japanese firms attract around one-twentieth of the venture-capital money thatstart-ups in America pull in.
新興的日本公司會(huì)吸引二十分之一的新興美國(guó)風(fēng)投公司的資金投入。
The outlook for creating new businesses could begin to improve if Mr Abe succeeds in leaningon the banks to stop demanding extensive debt guarantees.
如果安倍晉三成功的讓銀行不再要求借貸企業(yè)家提供大量的借貸憑證，創(chuàng)建新型公司的前景可能會(huì)有所發(fā)展。
Now many would-be entrepreneurs, faced with the risk of losing their homes, give up beforethey start.
現(xiàn)在，很多想要進(jìn)入企業(yè)家行列的人由于會(huì)擔(dān)有失去家的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以他們?cè)陂_(kāi)始之前就放棄了。
In the short term the reform may make capital a little scarcer as banks tread cautiously.
在短期內(nèi)，此項(xiàng)改革會(huì)使得銀行放出更少的資金投資，因?yàn)殂y行的每一步都會(huì)走的很慎重。
But in the long run it could transform Japan s attitude to entrepreneurship, says YoshitoHori, the founder of GLOBIS, a business school.
但是長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，這項(xiàng)改革將會(huì)改變?nèi)毡救藢?duì)企業(yè)家原有的態(tài)度，堀義人說(shuō)道。堀義人，商業(yè)學(xué)校GLOBIS的創(chuàng)建人。
The industry ministry is promising to provide generous funding with the aim of doublingJapan s rate of business start-ups by 2023.
工業(yè)部門保證，他們會(huì)提供大量資金，讓日本在2023年前實(shí)現(xiàn)新興企業(yè)增長(zhǎng)率變?yōu)閮杀丁?/p>
To do that it will have to add another 100,000 start-ups to the current annual tally.
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，必須在當(dāng)前的基礎(chǔ)上，每年再增加100,000個(gè)的新興企業(yè)才可以。
However, its record on picking winners is not great:
然而，挑選贏家的報(bào)告卻不是很好：
its bureaucrats famously tried to stop the young Sony importing transistor technology andHonda from moving into cars.
官員們已經(jīng)煩透了去阻止索尼進(jìn)口三極管科技和本田公司轉(zhuǎn)向汽車行業(yè)。
So the risk is that it ends up backing many duds, draining the public coffers to little benefit.
所以這樣做的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是，會(huì)對(duì)很多已有的企業(yè)不利，所得的利潤(rùn)也微乎其微。
The mother-in-law factor
岳母的因素
There are other reasons to be optimistic.
當(dāng)然也存在著樂(lè)觀原因。
The success of the big firms born in Japan s great period of post-war entrepreneurialism laterdiscouraged graduates from joining newer ventures.
大公司在日本戰(zhàn)后鼎盛時(shí)期的成功誕生削弱了畢業(yè)生們加入這場(chǎng)商業(yè)冒險(xiǎn)的想法。
Experienced managers are seldom keen to leave large companies.
有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理者很少會(huì)離開(kāi)大公司。
Wives, mothers and mothers-in-law exert a strong influence on men not to join riskystart-ups, says Yoshiaki Ishii, head of new-business policy at the industry ministry.
妻子，媽媽，以及岳母給了男人們很大的影響，讓他們不要踏入有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的新興企業(yè)，石井說(shuō)道。石井，工業(yè)部門新興企業(yè)的管理者。
But the perceived balance of risk is shifting.
但是這種感知到的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正在轉(zhuǎn)移。
Entrepreneurs in Japan
日本的企業(yè)家
Time to get started
到了該開(kāi)始的時(shí)間了
Shinzo Abe is giving new hope to Japan sunappreciated entrepreneurs
安倍晉三給了日本不被看好的企業(yè)家們希望
IT BEGINS from now, tweeted Takafumi Horie, the former boss of Livedoor, an internet firm,two months after emerging from prison this spring.
信息技術(shù)時(shí)代從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始， 堀江貴文說(shuō)道。
Mr Horie is involved in no fewer than 30 new companies, including a space-tourismventure.
堀江貴文是門戶網(wǎng)站活力門的前總經(jīng)理，前兩個(gè)月剛從監(jiān)獄中被釋放。
If any of them grow to be big, Mr Horie, who was convicted of fraud in 2011, may showthat a fallen Japanese entrepreneur can make a comeback.
堀江貴文涉足于不少于30家的新公司，包括一家太空旅行企業(yè)。如果這些公司中的任何一家發(fā)展起來(lái)了，堀江貴文，這個(gè)曾在2011年被告有罪的企業(yè)家，將證明一個(gè)失敗的日本企業(yè)家可以東山再起。
The mood among Japan s would-be business moguls is at its most buoyant since the dotcombubble burst a decade or so ago.
由于十幾年前的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫的破裂，日本那些想要成為商業(yè)精英的人正懷著十分沉重的心情。
A higher stockmarket is boosting the chances of a successful initial public offering.
股票市場(chǎng)正在提高它首次成功公開(kāi)募股的機(jī)會(huì)。
The prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is Japan s first leader to treat entrepreneurs as somethingmore than greedy hustlers.
安倍晉三首相，是日本第一位處理這些如貪婪的騙子般的企業(yè)家們的問(wèn)題。
For the past few years Mr Horie, abrash self-publicist, has been exhibit A in the case for holding that view.
在過(guò)去的幾年里，堀江貴文，一個(gè)傲慢又自我的公關(guān)，在那起案件中率先出示證據(jù)來(lái)闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)。
But now Mr Horie says he is being welcomed back into the business world.
但是現(xiàn)在，堀江貴文說(shuō)他回到企業(yè)界這件事倍受歡迎。
Mr Abe s three-part plan to revive the economy, known asAbenomics, is designed to helpstart-ups as well as big business.
安倍晉三復(fù)蘇經(jīng)濟(jì)的三步計(jì)劃被稱為安倍經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇計(jì)劃，是用來(lái)幫助新興小企業(yè)和已有的大企業(yè)的。
First came monetary loosening from the Bank of Japan, and a fiscal stimulus.
首先是日本中央銀行的貨幣放松政策，緊接著加大財(cái)政開(kāi)支。
The third part, a series of reforms to boost long-term growth rates, includes radicalderegulation in newspecial economic zones spread across the country.
第三部分是一系列的刺激長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)率的改革，包括在經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)放松管制。
If this pledge is honoured, many new opportunities could emerge for entrepreneurs inindustries ranging from medical care to agriculture.
如果這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃成功了，很多給企業(yè)家的新機(jī)會(huì)就會(huì)大量的涌來(lái)，橫跨醫(yī)療服務(wù)業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。
The reforms also involve pressing the banks to stop demanding onerous personalguarantees when entrepreneurs seek loans for their businesses.
這個(gè)改革同時(shí)施壓給銀行，讓銀行停止向企業(yè)家索要大量的個(gè)人擔(dān)保當(dāng)企業(yè)家們想要為他們的企業(yè)借貸時(shí)。
Most of all, Mr Abe admits, Japan needs to become more accepting of initial failure.
最重要的是，安倍晉三承認(rèn)，日本需要去接受首次失敗。
As a second-time prime minister after a disastrous first term, he is himself a comeback kid.
作為一個(gè)第一次以失敗告終，第二次登上首相位置的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，安倍晉三自己就是一個(gè)東山再起的例子。
He reportedly described for guests at his home this summer how the young Walt Disney ranhis business into the ground five times before he at last succeeded.
有報(bào)道稱，他這個(gè)夏天邀請(qǐng)客人到自己家中，并向客人描述年輕的華特迪士尼在最終成功前是怎樣經(jīng)歷了五次失敗的。
Digital types were delighted when he attended a meeting of the Japan Association of NewEconomy, chaired by Hiroshi Mikitani, the founder of Rakuten, an online-commerce giant.
數(shù)字類型企業(yè)很樂(lè)觀，當(dāng)安倍晉三參加新經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的一個(gè)會(huì)議時(shí)。此次會(huì)議由三木谷浩史主辦。
Mr Mikitani has been brought in to advise the government on its deregulation efforts.
三木谷浩史，日本樂(lè)天公司的創(chuàng)始人，一位網(wǎng)上貿(mào)易偉人。三木谷浩史建議過(guò)日本政府實(shí)行貨幣放松政策。
For now, Japan s vital signs on entrepreneurship are dire.
現(xiàn)在，日本企業(yè)家的狀況不容樂(lè)觀。
The overall number of firms is shrinking, and the rate at which new companies are born as aproportion of existing ones is less than half that in America and Britain.
公司的總數(shù)正在大量減少，新公司的誕生率比英美的一半還少。
In 2023 the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, a survey by a group of universities, put Japanin joint last place out of 24 developed nations for levels of entrepreneurial activity.
根據(jù)2023年的全球創(chuàng)業(yè)觀察報(bào)告的一份調(diào)查顯示，日本由于創(chuàng)業(yè)活動(dòng)長(zhǎng)期不景氣的水平，被放到了24個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之外。
Japan s record on fostering new firms is worse even than continental Europe s.
日本的一份關(guān)于發(fā)展新興企的報(bào)告結(jié)果甚至比歐洲大陸的還要糟糕。
Just 6% of Japanese participants in the survey thought there were opportunities to start abusiness in their country, and only 9% believed they personally had the skills required.
調(diào)查顯示，只有6%的參與者認(rèn)為在他們本國(guó)家日本創(chuàng)建新企業(yè)是有機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展的，9%的人認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)掌握了創(chuàng)建新企業(yè)所需要的技術(shù)。
The equivalent figures for the French were 38% and 36%.
相同的調(diào)查問(wèn)題在法國(guó)的結(jié)果是38%和36%。
Other Asians, in contrast, were bursting with optimism.
相反地，在其他亞洲地區(qū)新興企業(yè)的發(fā)展很樂(lè)觀。
That lack of ambition means venture-capital firms have few big payoffs to look forward to,with the result that there is a limited pool of cash available for those who do want to have ago at starting a business: a vicious circle that will be hard to break.
抱負(fù)心的缺乏使得風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司很難下定決心去投資，從而使得那些確實(shí)想要經(jīng)營(yíng)一家企業(yè)的企業(yè)家缺少現(xiàn)金支持，這將會(huì)成為一個(gè)很難打破的惡性循環(huán)。
Young Japanese firms attract around one-twentieth of the venture-capital money thatstart-ups in America pull in.
新興的日本公司會(huì)吸引二十分之一的新興美國(guó)風(fēng)投公司的資金投入。
The outlook for creating new businesses could begin to improve if Mr Abe succeeds in leaningon the banks to stop demanding extensive debt guarantees.
如果安倍晉三成功的讓銀行不再要求借貸企業(yè)家提供大量的借貸憑證，創(chuàng)建新型公司的前景可能會(huì)有所發(fā)展。
Now many would-be entrepreneurs, faced with the risk of losing their homes, give up beforethey start.
現(xiàn)在，很多想要進(jìn)入企業(yè)家行列的人由于會(huì)擔(dān)有失去家的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以他們?cè)陂_(kāi)始之前就放棄了。
In the short term the reform may make capital a little scarcer as banks tread cautiously.
在短期內(nèi)，此項(xiàng)改革會(huì)使得銀行放出更少的資金投資，因?yàn)殂y行的每一步都會(huì)走的很慎重。
But in the long run it could transform Japan s attitude to entrepreneurship, says YoshitoHori, the founder of GLOBIS, a business school.
但是長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，這項(xiàng)改革將會(huì)改變?nèi)毡救藢?duì)企業(yè)家原有的態(tài)度，堀義人說(shuō)道。堀義人，商業(yè)學(xué)校GLOBIS的創(chuàng)建人。
The industry ministry is promising to provide generous funding with the aim of doublingJapan s rate of business start-ups by 2023.
工業(yè)部門保證，他們會(huì)提供大量資金，讓日本在2023年前實(shí)現(xiàn)新興企業(yè)增長(zhǎng)率變?yōu)閮杀丁?/p>
To do that it will have to add another 100,000 start-ups to the current annual tally.
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，必須在當(dāng)前的基礎(chǔ)上，每年再增加100,000個(gè)的新興企業(yè)才可以。
However, its record on picking winners is not great:
然而，挑選贏家的報(bào)告卻不是很好：
its bureaucrats famously tried to stop the young Sony importing transistor technology andHonda from moving into cars.
官員們已經(jīng)煩透了去阻止索尼進(jìn)口三極管科技和本田公司轉(zhuǎn)向汽車行業(yè)。
So the risk is that it ends up backing many duds, draining the public coffers to little benefit.
所以這樣做的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是，會(huì)對(duì)很多已有的企業(yè)不利，所得的利潤(rùn)也微乎其微。
The mother-in-law factor
岳母的因素
There are other reasons to be optimistic.
當(dāng)然也存在著樂(lè)觀原因。
The success of the big firms born in Japan s great period of post-war entrepreneurialism laterdiscouraged graduates from joining newer ventures.
大公司在日本戰(zhàn)后鼎盛時(shí)期的成功誕生削弱了畢業(yè)生們加入這場(chǎng)商業(yè)冒險(xiǎn)的想法。
Experienced managers are seldom keen to leave large companies.
有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理者很少會(huì)離開(kāi)大公司。
Wives, mothers and mothers-in-law exert a strong influence on men not to join riskystart-ups, says Yoshiaki Ishii, head of new-business policy at the industry ministry.
妻子，媽媽，以及岳母給了男人們很大的影響，讓他們不要踏入有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的新興企業(yè)，石井說(shuō)道。石井，工業(yè)部門新興企業(yè)的管理者。
But the perceived balance of risk is shifting.
但是這種感知到的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正在轉(zhuǎn)移。
