SAT寫作例子整理 柏拉圖

　　柏拉圖

　　柏拉圖出身于雅典一個名門貴族家庭，自幼受到良好的教育，20 歲時師從蘇格拉底研究哲學，蘇格拉底死后，柏拉圖曾離開雅典在外游歷，12 年后回到雅典，創立了阿加德米學園，在那里講學直到逝世為止。柏拉圖是古典時代著作豐富而作品似乎完整齊全留傳下來的唯一作家。在他留給后人的 36 篇對話錄中，《理想國》和《法律篇》較集中地反映了他的教育學說，圍繞培養哲學王的教育問題，他構思了一個龐大的教育體系。柏拉圖在物質世界以外尋求事物的本原，建立了以理念論為核心的客觀唯心

　　主義哲學體系。理念論的基本內容是將理性世界和感覺世界對立起來，認為感性的具體事物

　　不是真實的存在，在感覺世界之外還有一個永恒不變的、獨立的、真實存在的理念世界。

　　Plato

　　Plato , Greek philosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers inWestern philosophy. He was born to an aristocratic family in Athens. His father, Ariston, was believed to have descended from the early kings of Athens. Perictione, his mother, was distantly related to the 6th-century bc lawmaker Solon. When Plato was a child, his father died, and his mother married Pyrilampes, who was an associate of the statesman Pericles.

　　As a young man Plato had political ambitions, but he became disillusioned by the political leadership in Athens. He eventually became a disciple of Socrates, accepting his basic philosophy and dialectical style of debate: the pursuit of truth through questions, answers, and additional questions. Plato witnessed the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 bc. Perhaps fearing for his own safety, he left Athens temporarily and traveled to Italy, Sicily, andEgypt.

　　In 387 Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the institution often described as the first European university. It provided a comprehensive curriculum, including such subjects as astronomy, biology,mathematics, political theory, and philosophy. Aristotle was the Academys most prominentstudent.

　　Platos theory of Forms and his theory of knowledge are so interrelated that they must be discussed together. Influenced by Socrates, Plato was convinced that knowledge is attainable. He was also convinced of two essential characteristics of knowledge. First, knowledge must be certain and infallible. Second, knowledge must have as its object that which is genuinely real as contrasted with that which is an appearance only. Because that which is fully real must, for Plato,be fixed, permanent, and unchanging, he identified the real with the ideal realm of being as opposed to the physical world of becoming. One consequence of this view was Platos rejection of empiricism, the claim that knowledge is derived from sense experience. He thought that propositions derived from sense experience have, at most, a degree of probability. They are not certain. Furthermore, the objects of sense experience are changeable phenomena of the physical world. Hence, objects of sense experience are not proper objects of knowledge.

　　Key words: Greek philosopher great tutor

　　柏拉圖

　　柏拉圖出身于雅典一個名門貴族家庭，自幼受到良好的教育，20 歲時師從蘇格拉底研究哲學，蘇格拉底死后，柏拉圖曾離開雅典在外游歷，12 年后回到雅典，創立了阿加德米學園，在那里講學直到逝世為止。柏拉圖是古典時代著作豐富而作品似乎完整齊全留傳下來的唯一作家。在他留給后人的 36 篇對話錄中，《理想國》和《法律篇》較集中地反映了他的教育學說，圍繞培養哲學王的教育問題，他構思了一個龐大的教育體系。柏拉圖在物質世界以外尋求事物的本原，建立了以理念論為核心的客觀唯心

　　主義哲學體系。理念論的基本內容是將理性世界和感覺世界對立起來，認為感性的具體事物

　　不是真實的存在，在感覺世界之外還有一個永恒不變的、獨立的、真實存在的理念世界。

　　Plato

　　Plato , Greek philosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers inWestern philosophy. He was born to an aristocratic family in Athens. His father, Ariston, was believed to have descended from the early kings of Athens. Perictione, his mother, was distantly related to the 6th-century bc lawmaker Solon. When Plato was a child, his father died, and his mother married Pyrilampes, who was an associate of the statesman Pericles.

　　As a young man Plato had political ambitions, but he became disillusioned by the political leadership in Athens. He eventually became a disciple of Socrates, accepting his basic philosophy and dialectical style of debate: the pursuit of truth through questions, answers, and additional questions. Plato witnessed the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 bc. Perhaps fearing for his own safety, he left Athens temporarily and traveled to Italy, Sicily, andEgypt.

　　In 387 Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the institution often described as the first European university. It provided a comprehensive curriculum, including such subjects as astronomy, biology,mathematics, political theory, and philosophy. Aristotle was the Academys most prominentstudent.

　　Platos theory of Forms and his theory of knowledge are so interrelated that they must be discussed together. Influenced by Socrates, Plato was convinced that knowledge is attainable. He was also convinced of two essential characteristics of knowledge. First, knowledge must be certain and infallible. Second, knowledge must have as its object that which is genuinely real as contrasted with that which is an appearance only. Because that which is fully real must, for Plato,be fixed, permanent, and unchanging, he identified the real with the ideal realm of being as opposed to the physical world of becoming. One consequence of this view was Platos rejection of empiricism, the claim that knowledge is derived from sense experience. He thought that propositions derived from sense experience have, at most, a degree of probability. They are not certain. Furthermore, the objects of sense experience are changeable phenomena of the physical world. Hence, objects of sense experience are not proper objects of knowledge.

　　Key words: Greek philosopher great tutor